1、Designation: C1515 11C1515 13Standard Guide forCleaning of Exterior Dimension Stone, Vertical AndHorizontal Surfaces, New or Existing1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1515; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide describes materials and procedures which may be used to clean dimension stone exterio
3、rs as well as theconditions under which they may be used. It is intended to aid owners, maintenance supervisors and building managers, architectsand engineers, and contractors in cleaning vertical exterior dimension stone on commercial, residential and institutional structures.This guide may also be
4、 helpful to those who wish to clean stone masonry on bridges, retaining walls, ramps, and plazas, andfree-standing stone objects such as statuary, memorials and grave markers.1.2 This guide relates primarily, to routine maintenance of the surface finish of exterior dimension stone. The techniques no
5、tedherein may not be appropriate or cost effective with regard to restoration of disfigured, severely soiled or stained stonework, orof stonework of particular historic importance. In cases where staining occurs on surfaces which have cultural, civic, historic orarchitectural significance, consultat
6、ion with a specialist is recommended.1.3 The user of this guide should also obtain and have on file at both the job site and the office Material Safety Data Sheets(MSDS) describing the nature of all chemical products utilized during the cleaning process.1.4 A file of literature from the manufacturer
7、s of all products involved within the scope of each project should be available forreference.1.5 These procedures are not intended for interior stonework.1.6 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific courseof action. This docume
8、nt cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment.Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replacethe standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional se
9、rvice must be judged, nor should this document be appliedwithout consideration of a projects many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that thedocument has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.7 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be reg
10、arded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the
11、user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatoryrequirements prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C119 Terminology Relating to Dimension StoneC503 Specification for Marble Dimension StoneE1971 Guide for Stewar
12、dship for the Cleaning of Commercial and Institutional Buildings1 This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C18 on Dimension Stone and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C18.07 on Environmental Properties,Behavior, and Cleaning.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2011Oct. 15, 2013
13、. Published November 2011November 2013. Originally approved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 20092011as C151509.C151511. DOI: 10.1520/C1515-11.10.1520/C1515-13.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annua
14、l Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be t
15、echnically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive,
16、PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13. Terminology3.1 Terms used in this guide are defined in Terminology C119.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 exterior dimension stonea general term for a stone installed in a location where temperature, moisture and
17、wind-carriedcontaminants are regulated solely or primarily by the forces of nature.3.2.2 qualified contractora person, persons or organizations having expertise in stone cleaning, proved by documentedprojects demonstrating successful work, consistency in business or consultancy for a period of five
18、or more years.4. Significance and Use4.1 Exterior dimension stone is chosen for use in contemporary architecture in part because of its aesthetic appeal. Aestheticscan be significantly diminished when dirt, grime, fly ash, algae and other contaminants collect on the surface of stone.4.2 This guide i
19、s intended to assist those who wish to preserve the original appearance of a new structure or to return astone-clad building to its original color and appearance.4.2.1 Note that cleaning may not be able to return discolored or faded stone to its original appearance.4.3 This guide may be used as a co
20、nstruction document.5. General Information5.1 Exterior stone is used in honed, textured, or polished finishes in many modes in exterior environments. However, tradeexperience discourages the use of a polished finish marble or limestone on exterior applications due to susceptibility to damageby acids
21、 in rain or snow, and by wind-driven dirt particles.5.2 The use of dark colored marbles and limestones for exteriors is discouraged because fading in direct sunlight has beenexperienced. Discolored or faded stone may not be able to be returned to its original color by cleaning.5.3 Only marbles with
22、an “A” Soundness Classification should be used for exterior installations. An exception is travertinemarble (“C” Soundness Classification) which may be installed with its natural voids either filled or unfilled. See Specification C503for soundness classification of marbles.5.4 Stone installed in a m
23、ortar bed should be allowed to cure properly. Do not apply surface treatments to stone set horizontallyin a mortar bed for at least four weeks following installation.5.5 Carefully identify all wet pedestrian areas with barricades, “danger” signs or bright red or orange-colored “danger” pylons.5.6 Al
24、ways test any cleaning method on a sample area to determine its effectiveness. Always refer to the manufacturersinstructions.5.7 When choosing the materials and procedures for cleaning dimension stone, the most appropriate materials and proceduresshould be chosen to promote eco-efficiency and avoid
25、adverse impacts on humans, the structure itself, and the environment, seeGuide E1971. The alternative cleaning processes, cleaning products and their storage, use, and disposal, equipment choices, andtraining of personnel involved in the work need to be assessed.5.7.1 Certain pertinent questions sho
26、uld be considered here: (1) how is the building used? (2) are there any special cleaningrequirements caused by the type or finish of dimension stone used? If so, identify the cleaning task and performance requirements,(3) are there any at-risk human populations to consider? (4) are there any issues
27、relating to building age or architecture? (5) whatcriteria or measures will be used to evaluate the quality of cleaning and repairs?6. Normal Maintenance6.1 In accessible areas, routinely follow maintenance procedures as specified for Polished Stone, Honed Stone or TexturedFinish Stone as applicable
28、. The large expanses of stone traditionally found on exterior multi-story installations should be cleanedas often as necessary to remove accumulated pollutants.6.1.1 A practice as simple as a hosing down with potable water on a regular basis will prevent accumulation of dust and acidicdeposits left
29、by rain or snow.6.1.2 The cleaning of stone should be done only by qualified contractors who have the craftsmen, equipment, resources, andtechnical expertise to do the work, as well as make any repair, resetting, or repointing that may be necessary.6.1.3 Generally, the processes used in multi-story
30、cleaning will be similar to normal procedures, except that pumps for pressurewash, or steam and rinse water may be employed to economize on the amount of time necessary to the work.6.1.4 Consult material suppliers and qualified contractors to obtain their recommendations for maintenance, materials o
31、r repairs.6.1.5 Always test any cleaning method on a sample area to determine its effectiveness. Always refer to the manufacturersinstructions.6.1.6 Always try the least aggressive cleaning media (potable water) first.6.1.7 Evaluate project conditions with regard to required protection of adjacent p
32、roperties and public safety. The protectionneeded for cleaning multi-story structures will differ from that needed for one or two-story buildings.C1515 1327. Polished Dimension Stone7.1 Polished Stone has a glossy surface that reflects light and emphasizes the color and markings of the material.7.1.
33、1 Normal maintenance involves only periodic washing with clean, potable water and neutral (pH7) cleaners. “Soapless”cleaners are preferred because they minimize streaking and filming. Abrasive cleaners should be avoided.7.1.2 Stone surfaces should first be wetted with clean, hot (not boiling) water.
34、 Then, using the cleaner solution (followingmanufacturers directions) wash in small, overlapping sweeps from top down, or follow manufacturers directions if different.Rinse thoroughly with clean, potable water to remove all traces of soap or cleaner solution. If rinsing is done by hand, change thewa
35、ter in the rinse pail frequently. Dry with a soft cloth, cotton flannel or chamois, wiping carefully to avoid streaks. The surfacemay also be allowed to air-dry.7.1.2.1 WarningDo not use bleach, acid, or strong alkali solutions on marble or limestone because colors may be lightenedand the surface et
36、ched.7.1.2.2 Select a cleaning agent which suits the nature of the stone.8. Honed Dimension Stone, Normal Maintenance8.1 A honed finish is a satin smooth surface with relatively little light reflection.8.1.1 Normal maintenance of a honed finish involves as-needed washing with clean, potable water an
37、d neutral (pH7), mildlyabrasive cleaners.8.1.2 Surfaces should be first wetted with hot, clean water. Then, using a mildly abrasive, alkaline cleaner and a medium naturalbristle brush, wash in overlapping, swirling strokes. Work from top down or follow manufacturers directions if different.8.1.3 Rin
38、se thoroughly then wipe dry with cotton, cotton flannel, or a chamois. Wipe carefully to avoid streaking. Optionally,the stone may be allowed to air-dry.8.1.4 If further cleaning is needed, make a paste to the consistency of thick syrup by combining a mildly abrasive alkalinecleaning powder and clea
39、n, potable water. Apply the paste uniformly over the surface with a broad brush and allow to stand untildry. Then, use a medium bristle brush with additional water and scrub vigorously. (More cleaning powder may be applied at thispoint.) Rinse thoroughly and dry as described above. Follow manufactur
40、ers directions.8.1.4.1 See 10.1 and 10.210.3 for poultice information.8.1.5 WarningDo not use bleach, acid, or strong alkali solutions on marble or limestone because colors may be lightened andthe surface etched.8.1.5.1 Select a cleaning agent which suits the nature of the stone.9. Textured Finish D
41、imension Stone, Normal Mantenance9.1 Examples of textured finish dimension stone include Thermal Finish Granite, Thermal Finish Limestone, UnfilledTravertine, Rock Face, Split Face, Natural Cleft Slate and Natural Cleft Quartz-Based (Sandstone) Stone. Abrasive, bush-hammered, and sand-blasted finish
42、es are also included in this category.9.1.1 Regular maintenance becomes difficult if dirt is allowed to accumulate on the uneven surfaces of these stones. Ifconvenient, textured finished stone may be vacuumed clean.9.1.2 Normal maintenance of textured finish stones involves as-needed washing with cl
43、ean, potable water and neutral (pH7),mildly abrasive cleaners.9.1.3 Surfaces should first be wetted with hot, (not boiling) clean water. Then, using a mildly abrasive, alkaline cleaner and amedium bristle brush, wash in overlapping, swirling strokes. Work from top to bottom. Rinse thoroughly with cl
44、ean water.9.1.4 WarningDo not use bleach, acid, or strong alkali solutions on marble or limestone because colors may be lightened andthe surface etched.9.1.4.1 Select a cleaning agent that suits the nature of the stone.10. The Poultice Method10.1 The General Poultice Method is a special cleaning pro
45、cedure for removal of deep-seated, time-set dirt and grime. Thepoultice may be applied to honed or textured stone, and is particularly useful on intricate carvings, moldings and other detailingdifficult to scrub. The general poultice is essentially a strong cleaner, applied by way of a holding mediu
46、m, that concentrates itseffort over a period of time.10.1.1 Apoultice applied to polished finish marble will dull the surface, requiring repolishing.The poultice is essentially a strongfluid cleaner, applied by way of a holding medium with a film or membrane, that concentrates its effort over a peri
47、od of time.10.1.2 The mechanism within this practice relies on the ability of the poultice to reliably wick a fluid out from the stone fabric,carrying the staining agent with it. The staining agent is effectively drawn out backwards on the same path that it entered the stone.10.1.3 The poultice is u
48、sed primarily to attack and reduce heavy deposits of normal soiling, or to remove stains resulting fromthe action of moisture on normal soiling.fluid must be capable of dissolving the staining agent and may be water based or solventbased, depending on the origin of the stain. The fluid may have addi
49、tional chemicals added to further increase its effectiveness.Water, hydrogen peroxide, acetone, and mineral spirits are commonly used fluids.C1515 13310.1.4 For stains resulting from a known origin, see Section Holding mediums are powders such as clays, Fullers earth, talc,diatomaceous earth, baking soda, and even flour. Cloth or paper products, such as cotton balls, paper towels, and gauze pads canalso be used as a holding medium.11.10.2 The poultice medium is saturated with the fluid, and when placed on the stone surface, allows the fluid to penetrate thestone. As
