1、Designation: C1615 10C1615/C1615M 17Standard Guide forMechanical Drive Systems for Remote Operation in Hot CellFacilities1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1615;C1615/C1615M; the number immediately following the designation indicatesthe year of original adoption or, in the case of
2、 revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 Intent:1.1.1 The intent of this standard is to provide general guidelines for the design, selec
3、tion, quality assurance, installation,operation, and maintenance of mechanical drive systems used in remote hot cell environments. The term mechanical drive systemsused herein, encompasses all individual components used for imparting motion to equipment systems, subsystems, assemblies, andother comp
4、onents. It also includes complete positioning systems and individual units that provide motive power and any positionindicators necessary to monitor the motion.1.2 Applicability:1.2.1 This standard is intended to be applicable to equipment used under one or more of the following conditions:1.2.1.1 T
5、he materials handled or processed constitute a significant radiation hazard to man or to the environment.1.2.1.2 The equipment will generally be used over a long-term life cycle (for example, in excess of two years), but equipmentintended for use over a shorter life cycle is not excluded.1.2.1.3 The
6、 equipment can neither be accessed directly for purposes of operation or maintenance, nor can the equipment beviewed directly, for example, without radiation shielding windows, periscopes, or a video monitoring system (Guides C1572 andC1661).1.2.2 The system of units employed in this standard is the
7、 metric unit, also known as SI Units, which are commonly used forInternational Systems, and defined, byvalues stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard.The values ASTM/IEEE SI-10 Standard for Use of International System of Units. Common nomenclature for
8、specifying someterms; specifically horsepower uses a combination of both metric and inch-pound units.stated in each system may not be exactequivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may resultin non-conformance with the standar
9、d.1.3 User Caveats:1.3.1 This standard is not a substitute for applied engineering skills, proven practices and experience. Its purpose is to provideguidance.1.3.1.1 The guidance set forth in this standard relating to design of equipment is intended only to alert designers and engineersto those feat
10、ures, conditions, and procedures that have been found necessary or highly desirable to the design, selection, operationand maintenance of mechanical drive systems for the subject service conditions.1.3.1.2 The guidance set forth results from discoveries of conditions, practices, features, or lack of
11、 features that were found tobe sources of operational or maintenance problems, or causes of failure.1.3.2 This standard does not supersede federal or state regulations, or both, and codes applicable to equipment under anyconditions.1.3.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety co
12、ncerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices, and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally r
13、ecognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C26 o
14、n Nuclear Fuel Cycle and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C26.14 on Remote Systems.Current edition approved June 1, 2010July 15, 2017. Published June 2010August 2017. Originally approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 20052010 asC1615 - 05.C1615 10. DOI: 10.1520/C1615-10.10.1
15、520/C1615_C1615M-17.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that use
16、rs consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12. Referenced Documents2.1 I
17、ndustry and National Consensus StandardsNationally recognized industry and consensus standards which may beapplicable in whole or in part to the design, selection, quality insurance, installation, operation, and maintenance of equipment arereferenced throughout this standard and include the followin
18、g:2.2 ASTM Standards:2ASTM/IEEE SI-10 StandrdStandard for Use of the International System of UnitsC859 Terminology Relating to Nuclear MaterialsC1533 Guide for General Design Considerations for Hot Cell EquipmentC1554 Guide for Materials Handling Equipment for Hot CellsC1572 Guide for Dry Lead Glass
19、 and Oil-Filled Lead Glass Radiation Shielding Window Components for Remotely OperatedFacilitiesC1661 Guide for Viewing Systems for Remotely Operated FacilitiesE170 Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and Dosimetry2.3 Other Standards:NEMA MG1 Motors and Generators3AGMA 390.0 American Gear
20、 Manufacturers Association, Gear Handbook4ANS Design Guides for Radioactive Material Handling Facilities and Equipment5ASME B17.1 Keys and Keyseats6NLGI American Standard Classification of Lubricating Grease7ASME NOG-1 American Society of Mechanical Engineers Committee on Cranes for Nuclear Faciliti
21、es Rules for Constructionof Overhead and Gantry Cranes6ANSI/ASME NQA-1 Quality Assurance Requirements for Nuclear Facility Applications8ANSI/ISO/ASQ Q9001 Quality Management Standard Requirements8NCRP Report No. 82 SI Units in Radiation Protection and Measurements9ICRU Report 10b Physical Aspects of
22、 Irradiation10CERN 70-5 Effects of Radiation on Materials and Components112.4 Federal Standards and Regulations:1210CFR 830.120, Subpart A Nuclear Safety Management Quality Assurance Requirements10CFR 50 Quality Assurance Criteria for Nuclear Power Plants and Fuel Reprocessing Plants40CFR 260-279 So
23、lid Waste Regulations Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)3. Terminology3.1 General Considerations:3.1.1 The terminology employed in this standard conforms with industry practice insofar as practicable.3.1.2 For definitions of general terms used to describe nuclear materials, hot cells, and
24、 hot cell equipment, refer to TerminologyC859 and E170.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 absorbed dose, D, L2T2, nabsorbed dose is the mean energy imparted by ionizing radiation to a unit mass of specifiedmaterial.3.2.1.1 DiscussionThe SI unit for absorbed dose is the gray (Gy), defined as 1 J/kg.3.2.2 activity
25、, A, T1, n in in the nuclear industry, activity is the measure of the rate of spontaneous nuclear transformationsof a radioactive material.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume
26、information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA), 1300 N. 17th St., Suite 1752, Rosslyn, VA 22209, http:/www.nema.org.4 Available from American Gear Manufacturers Association (AGMA), 500 Montgomery St.
27、, Suite 350, Alexandria, VA 22314-1581, http:/www.agma.org.5 Available from ANS, 555 North Kensington Avenue, LaGrange Park, Ilinois 60526.6 Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME International Headquarters, ThreeTwo Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990,http:/www.asme.org
28、.7 Available from NLGI, 4635 Wyondotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64112.8 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.9 Available from National Council of Radiation Protection and Measurements, 7910 Woodmont Avenue, Suit
29、e 400, Bethesda, MD 20814-309510 Available from International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, Inc., 7910 Woodmont Avenue, Suite 400, Bethesda, MD 20814-3095.11 Available from CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211, Geneva 23, Switzerland.12 Available from U.S. Gover
30、nment Printing Office Superintendent of Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http:/www.access.gpo.gov.C1615/C1615M 1723.2.2.1 DiscussionThe SI unit for activity is the becquerel (Bq), defined as 1 transformation per second. The original unit for activity was the c
31、urie(Ci), defined as 3.7 1010 transformations per second. NCRP-823.2.3 alpha radiation, nis the spontaneous emission of an alpha particle, composed of two protons and two neutrons with apositive charge of plus two, during the nuclear transformation process.3.2.3.1 DiscussionAn alpha particle is the
32、same as a helium atom with no electrons.3.2.4 becquerel (Bq), T1, nthe SI unit of measure for activity, defined as 1 transformation per second.3.2.5 beta radiation, nan electron that was generated in the atomic nucleus during decay and has a negative charge of one.3.2.6 dose equivalent, L2T2, na mea
33、sure of the biological effects of radiation dose from all types of radiation expressed ona common scale.3.2.6.1 DiscussionThe SI unit for dose equivalent is the sievert (Sv), which is equal to 100 rem (specialized unit for human dose equivalent. Radiationdose equivalent is often expressed in terms o
34、f microsieverts (Sv) or millirem (mrem). NCRP-82 ICRU 10b3.2.1 encoders, nfor the purpose of this standard, are measuring devices that detect changes in rotary or linear motion,direction of movement, and relative position by producing electrical signals using sensors and an optical disk.3.2.8 gamma
35、radiation, nhigh energy, short wavelength electromagnetic radiation which originates from the nucleus.3.2.8.1 DiscussionGamma radiation often accompanies particle emissions associated with radioactive decay. Gamma radiation has no electricalcharge.3.2.9 gray (Gy), L2T2, na gray is the SI unit of abs
36、orbed dose (1 J/kg).3.2.10 high density concrete, na concrete having a density greater than 2400 kg per cubic meter (150 lb per cubic foot).3.2.11 hot cell, nan isolated shielded containment that provides a controlled environment and is designed to safely handleradioactive and typically contaminated
37、 material and equipment.3.2.11.1 DiscussionThe design radiation levels within a hot cell are typically 1 Gy/hr (100 rads per hour) or higher.3.2.2 inert gas, na type of commercial grade moisture free gas, usually argon or nitrogen that is present in the hot cell.3.2.3 linear variable differential tr
38、ansformer (LVDT), na transducer for linear displacement measurement that convertsmechanical motion into an electrical signal that can be metered, recorded, or transmitted.3.2.14 master-slave manipulator (MSM), na device to remotely handle items, tools, or radioactive material in a hot cell.3.2.14.1
39、DiscussionThe operator controls the master and the follower or slave replicates its movements to handle the material in the hot cell. Themechanical connection between the master and follower is made with metal tapes or cables. MSMs typically have lifting capacitiesof 9 to 23 kg (20 to 50 lb.). C1554
40、3.2.4 mechanical drive systems, nrefers to but is not limited to motors, gears, resolvers, encoders, bearings, couplings,bushings, lubricants, solenoids, shafts, pneumatic cylinders, and lead screws.3.2.16 mockup, nin nuclear applications, a structure, utilities, components, and systems used to repr
41、esent the physicalenvironment of a radiological facility in a non-radiological setting.3.2.16.1 DiscussionC1615/C1615M 173Mockups are typically full scale representations used to assure proper clearances, accessibility, visibility, maintainability,performance, or operability of items to be subsequen
42、tly installed in a radiological environment.3.2.17 moderator, nin the nuclear industry, materials that slow down fast neutrons via collisions between the neutron and anatomic nucleus.3.2.17.1 DiscussionNuclei with masses above 20 are normally not considered moderators. Moderator examples include wat
43、er, graphite, oil, solvents,concrete, and polyethylene or other plastics.3.2.18 neutron radiation, nthe emission of neutrons resulting from instability in the atomic nucleus.3.2.18.1 DiscussionNeutrons have a mass slightly heavier than a proton, but have no electrical charge.3.2.19 radiation, nin th
44、e nuclear industry, the emission that occurs when a nucleus undergoes radioactive decay.3.2.19.1 DiscussionThe emitted radiation types may include alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, and neutrons.3.2.20 radiation shielding window, nan optically transparent assembly that provides a means for
45、 viewing into a hot cell, andshields the operator from radiation.3.2.20.1 DiscussionA shielding window can be either dry or oil-filled.3.2.21 radiation streaming, na term used to describe the phenomenon in which beams of radiation escape from aninadequately shielded area.3.2.5 resolvers, nfor the pu
46、rpose of this standard, are rotational position measuring devices that are essentially rotarytransformers with secondary windings on the rotor and stator at right angles to the other windings.3.2.23 sievert (Sv), L2T2, nthe SI unit of measure for dose equivalent to humans.3.2.23.1 DiscussionOne siev
47、ert equals 100 rem.4. Significance and Use4.1 Mechanical drive systems operability and long-term integrity are concerns that should be addressed primarily during thedesign phase; however, problems identified during fabrication and testing should be resolved and the changes in the designdocumented. E
48、quipment operability and integrity can be compromised during handling and installation sequences. For this reason,the subject equipment should be handled and installed under closely controlled and supervised conditions.4.2 This standard is intended as a supplement to other standards, and to federal
49、and state regulations, codes, and criteriaapplicable to the design of equipment intended for this use.4.3 This standard is intended to be generic and to apply to a wide range of types and configurations of mechanical drive systems.5. Quality Assurance and Quality Requirements5.1 The owner-operator should administer a quality assurance program approved by the agency of jurisdiction. QA programsmay be required to comply with 10CFR 50, Appendix B, 10CFR 830.120, Subpart A, ASME NQA-1, or ISO Q9001.5.2 The owner-operator
