1、Designation: C1675 11 (Reapproved 2015)Standard Practice forInstallation of Precast Reinforced Concrete Monolithic BoxSections for Culverts, Storm Drains, and Sewers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1675; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforigi
2、nal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the installation of precast rein-forced con
3、crete box sections cast monolithically and intendedto be used for the conveyance of storm water, industrial wastesand sewage, and for passageways.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are
4、provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and RelatedProductsC1433 Specification for Precast Reinforced Concrete Mono-lithic Box Sections for Culverts, Storm Drains, andSewersC1433M Specification
5、 for Precast Reinforced ConcreteMonolithic Box Sections for Culverts, Storm Drains, andSewers (Metric)C1577 Specification for Precast Reinforced Concrete Mono-lithic Box Sections for Culverts, Storm Drains, andSewers Designed According to AASHTO LRFDD698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Charac
6、ter-istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3(600kN-m/m3)D2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for EngineeringPurposes (Unified Soil Classification System)2.2 ASCE Standard:3ASCE 26 Standard Practice for the Direct Design of BuriedPrecast Concrete Box Sections2.3 AASHTO Standards:
7、4AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges ,Div. II, Section 27AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications , Sec-tion 27AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design SpecificationsAASHTO M145 Classification of Soils and Soil-AggregateMixtures for Highway Construction Purposes3. Terminology3.1 For definition
8、s of terms relating to precast box sections,see Terminology C822.3.2 For terminology related to soil classifications, see Prac-tice D2487.3.3 For terminology and definitions of terms relating tostructural design, see ASCE 26.3.4 Fig. 1 illustrates the installation terminology.4. Significance and Use
9、4.1 This practice is useful as a reference by an owner andthe owners engineer in preparing project specifications.5. General5.1 The precast reinforced concrete box section/soil systemshall be constructed to conform to the dimensions and require-ments specified or shown on the plans and to this pract
10、ice.Additionally, for highway projects, the precast reinforcedconcrete box section/soil system shall conform to requirementsof Section 27 of AASHTO Standard Specifications for High-way Bridges or AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Speci-fications as appropriate. The owner is advised to provide orrequir
11、e adequate inspection of the box section installation atthe construction site.6. Excavation6.1 Trenches shall be excavated to the dimensions and gradespecified on the plans or as ordered by the owner. The width of1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 on ConcretePipe and is t
12、he direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.05 on Special Projects.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2015. Published October 2015. Originallyapproved in 2011. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as C1675 11. DOI:10.1520/C167511R15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.o
13、rg, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 1801 AlexanderBell Dr., Reston, VA 20191, http:/www.asce.org.4Avail
14、able from American Association of State Highway and TransportationOfficials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001,http:/www.transportation.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1trenches shall
15、be kept to the minimum required for installationof the box sections and proper compaction of the sidefill.6.2 When ledge rock, compacted rocky, or other unyieldingfoundation material is encountered, it shall be removed to therequirements shown on the plans. Over-excavated areas shallbe backfilled wi
16、th approved materials specified for the levelingcourse.6.3 The contractor shall make such provisions as required toensure adequate drainage of the trench to protect the levelingcourse during the construction operations. Where surface wateror groundwater conditions exist, the site and trench shall be
17、dewatered.7. Foundation7.1 The foundation shall be moderately firm to hard in situmaterial, stabilized soil, or compacted fill material.7.2 When unsuitable or unstable material is encountered,the foundation shall be stabilized or removed and replaced withfirm and stable foundation material.7.3 Where
18、 groundwater and soil characteristics contribute tothe migration of soil fines into or out of the foundation,leveling course, or overfill materials, methods to preventmigration shall be provided.7.4 Box sections installed over an unyielding foundation,including concrete, shall be cushioned so as to
19、prevent non-uniform bearing in accordance with Section 8.8. Leveling Course8.1 A minimum 3 in. (75 mm) leveling course, as shown inFig. 1, shall be constructed of clean coarse grained soils: USCSSW, SP, GW, GP or any soil beginning with one of thosesymbols and with 12 % or less passing a #200 (75 m)
20、 sieve(AASHTO M145,A-1,A-3). The nominal maximum aggregatesize shall not be greater than 1 in. (25 mm) (#57 aggregate). Inthe event that the leveling course consists of layers with theupper layer being clean, uncompacted sand, that layer shall bea maximum thickness of 2 in. (50 mm) to prevent non-un
21、iformsettlement from personnel and equipment during the installa-tion process.8.2 In situ material that provide a suitable leveling course inaccordance with this practice shall be acceptable.8.3 If rock strata or boulders are encountered under the boxsection within the limits of the required levelin
22、g course, therock or boulders shall be removed and replaced with additionalleveling course material.8.4 A concrete slab is not an appropriate leveling course.FIG. 1 Box Section/Installation TerminologyC1675 11 (2015)29. Box Section Placement and Joining9.1 Box sections shall be installed to the line
23、 and gradeshown in the contract documents. Joining shall be in accor-dance with the box section manufacturers recommendations.NOTE 1(Advisory): Work should be started at the lowest end of thebox section line, and with the bell or groove end pointing upstream, layingspigots into bells where applicabl
24、e.9.2 Adjustments in grade by exerting force on the boxsection with excavating equipment or by lifting and droppingthe box section shall be prohibited. If the installed box sectionis not on grade, the box section shall be completely unjoined,the grade corrected, and the box section then rejoined.9.3
25、 Proper facilities and equipment shall be provided forhoisting and lowering the box sections without disturbing theleveling course and the sides of the excavation or damaging thebox sections.9.4 The ends of the box sections shall be free of anydeleterious materials that would prevent proper joining
26、orsealing of adjacent sections.9.5 The box section shall be joined so that when laid on theleveling course, it shall form a smooth, uniform line ofsections.NOTE 2(Advisory): Proper equipment, such as a come-along or puller,should be utilized to join the sections together.9.6 Unless designed otherwis
27、e, multiple box sections inparallel multi-cell installations require positive lateral bearingbetween the sides of adjacent box sections. Compacted granu-lar backfill, flowable fill, or grouting between the sections areconsidered means of providing positive bearing.9.7 Precast reinforced concrete box
28、 sections shall behandled with reasonable care. If dragging sections causesdamage, then this practice shall be discontinued. Care shall betaken to prevent box sections from striking rock or other hardobjects during placement.9.8 Each joint shall be sealed to prevent migration of soilfines as specifi
29、ed in the project specifications and installed inaccordance with the manufacturers recommendations.9.9 If required by the contract documents, each joint shallmeet the specified infiltration and exfiltration requirements.9.10 Unless otherwise approved by the owner, loads fromconstruction equipment tr
30、ansferred to a box section before,during, or after fill placement, either directly or through the fill,shall not be greater than the loads assumed in the design (seeSection 14, Adequate Protection from Construction Loads).10. Sidefill10.1 When the soil-structure interaction factor used in thedesign
31、is based on compacted fill at the sides of the box, thesidefill shall be as required by the contract documents, but notless than clean, coarse-grained soils (USCS SW, SP, GW, GPorAASHTO M145, A-1, A-3), or coarse-grained soils with fines(USCS GM, GC, SM, SC or AASHTO M145, A-2-4, A-2-5,A-2-6) compac
32、ted to at least 85 % Standard Proctor (see TestMethods D698). The sidefill shall be brought up on both sidesof the box section such that placement will not disjoint orcreate lateral movement of the box section.10.2 When the soil-structure interaction factor used in thedesign is not based on compacte
33、d fill at the sides of the boxsection, the use of native soils is acceptable. Sidefill shall befree of debris, organic matter, frozen material or large stoneswith a diameter greater than 3 in. (75 mm).10.3 Ponding or jetting to compact the sidefill shall bepermitted only where soil conditions permit
34、 free drainage andonly with the approval of the owner.11. Overfill11.1 Overfill shall be constructed as specified. Overfillmaterial shall be placed in layers with no greater than themaximum thickness specified and compacted to the requireddensity.11.2 The soil shall be approved material containing n
35、odebris, organic matter, frozen material, or large stones with adiameter greater than one-half the thickness of the compactedlayers being placed or 3 in. (75 mm), whichever is less.11.3 When impact or vibratory equipment is used forcompaction, care shall be taken in accordance with the manu-facturer
36、s recommendations, to avoid damaging the box sec-tions.12. Sheathing Removal and Trench Shield Advancement12.1 Unless sheathing is to be left in place, it shall be pulledout in vertical increments to permit placement and compactionof fill material for the full width of the trench.12.2 When trench sh
37、ields or boxes are moved, the previ-ously placed box section shall not be disturbed. If suchdisturbance occurs, deadman anchors or other means shall beused to restrain previously placed box sections. Voids in thesidefill that are created by movement of a shield or box shall befilled and compacted in
38、 accordance with Section 10 of thispractice.13. Precast Concrete Appurtenances13.1 Manholes, pipe, junction boxes, and other adjoiningappurtenances shall be installed in a manner that will minimizedifferential settlement between the box section and appurte-nance.13.2 Precast concrete fittings, such
39、as tees and wyes, shallbe bedded, installed, and overfilled with the same material andin the same manner as the precast concrete box sections toprevent differential settlement between box section and fittings.14. Adequate Protection from Construction Loads14.1 Construction loads shall be considered
40、in design ifconstruction equipment must pass over the boxes duringproject construction. If necessary, compacted overfill in theform of a ramp shall be constructed over the top of the boxsection such that the equipment load on the box section doesnot exceed the box section design strength. The ramp p
41、rofileshall be free of abrupt changes in grade that would causeconcentrated loads or prevent the uniform distribution of loadsC1675 11 (2015)3through all axles of passing equipment. In an embankmentinstallation, the overfill shall extend a minimum of one boxsection span or 3 ft (900 mm), whichever i
42、s greater, beyondeach side of the box section to prevent possible lateraldisplacement of the box section. If a large volume of construc-tion traffic must cross an installed line of box sections, thepoint of crossing shall be changed occasionally to minimize thepossibility of lateral displacement.15.
43、 Safety15.1 Safety requirements for construction shall be in accor-dance with the applicable federal, state, and local regulations.16. Keywords16.1 box culverts; box sections; concrete; install; installa-tion; placement; precast; precast concreteAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. COMMENTARYX1.1 S
44、copeThe buried, concrete box sections are part ofa composite system comprised of the box and the surroundingsoil envelope, which interact and contribute to the strength andstructural behavior of the system.X1.2 The soil-structure interaction factors mentioned inSection 10 are part of this practice.
45、They are based on theresults of research on box/soil interaction, together withevaluation of current construction practice, equipment,procedures, and experience. For further information, referencethe AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications.X1.3 The design of a concrete box for a particular installa
46、-tion type is based on the assumption that the specified designbedding and backfill requirements will be achieved duringconstruction of the installation. The bedding/leveling course isassumed to provide a slightly yielding, uniformly distributedsupport over the bottom width of the box section.X1.4 S
47、pecifications C1433, C1433M, and C1577 providestandard designs for precast reinforced concrete box sections inaccordance with AASHTO Standards.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of th
48、is standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five ye
49、ars andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700,
