1、Designation:C1688/C1688M10a Designation: C1688/C1688M 11Standard Test Method forDensity and Void Content of Freshly Mixed PerviousConcrete1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1688/C1688M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in
2、the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers determining the density of freshly mixed pervious concrete u
3、nder standardized conditions and givesformulas for calculating the void content of pervious concrete. Test results are not intended to represent the in-place density andvoid content.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values sta
4、ted in eachsystem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its
5、use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use. (WarningFresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin andtissue upon prolonge
6、d exposure.2)1.4 The text of this test method references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes(excluding those in tables) shall not be considered as requirements of this test method.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C29/C29M Test Method for Bulk
7、 Density (Unit Weight) and Voids in AggregateC125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete AggregatesC127 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), and Absorption of Coarse AggregateC128 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), and Absorption of Fine Agg
8、regateC150 Specification for Portland CementC172 Practice for Sampling Freshly Mixed ConcreteC188 Test Method for Density of Hydraulic CementC192/C192M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the LaboratoryC231 Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Pressure M
9、ethodC311 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolans for Use in Portland-Cement ConcreteC595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC989 Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concrete and MortarsC1157 Performance Specification for Hydraulic CementC1240 Specification fo
10、r Silica Fume Used in Cementitious MixturesD698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3(600 kN-m/m3)3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this standard, refer to Terminology C125.3.2 Definitions of Terms S
11、pecific to This Standard:3.2.1 concrete, pervious, nhydraulic cement concrete with distributed, interconnected macroscopic voids that allow water topass through the material with little resistance.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on Concrete and Concrete Aggregates a
12、nd is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09.49 onPervious Concrete.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2010.15, 2011. Published January 2011.2012. Originally approved in 2008. Last previous edition approved in 2010 asC1688/C1688M10a. DOI: 10.1520/C1688_C1688M-10a1.2Section on Safety Precautions
13、, Manual of Aggregate and Concrete Testing, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary
14、 page on the ASTM website.1This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends t
15、hat users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.3 Symbols:D = densi
16、ty (unit weight) of concrete kg/m3lb/ft3Ms= total mass of all materials batched, kg lb (see Note 1)Mc= mass of the measure filled with concrete, kg lbMm= mass of the measure, kg lbT = theoretical density of the concrete computed on an airfree basis,kg/m3lb/ft3 (see Note 1)U = percentage of voids in
17、the fresh pervious concrete, including en-trained and entrapped air voids in the cement paste.Vs= sum of the absolute volumes of the component ingredients in thebatch, m3ft3Vm= volume of the measure, m3ft3NOTE 1The theoretical density is a laboratory determination, and is assumed to remain constant
18、for all batches made using identical componentingredients and proportions. It is calculated from the following equation:T 5MsVsThe total mass of all materials batched is the sum of the masses of the cement, the fine aggregate in the saturated-surface-dry condition, the coarseaggregate in the saturat
19、ed-surface-dry condition, the water in the batch (includes free water from the aggregate), and any other solid or liquid materialsused.The absolute volume of each ingredient is equal to the quotient of the mass of that ingredient divided by the product of its relative density (specificgravity) times
20、 the density of water (See Test Method C29/C29M). For the aggregate components, the relative density (specific gravity) should be basedon the saturated-surface-dry condition (as determined by Test Method C127 for coarse aggregate and Test Method C128 for fine aggregate). For cementsmeeting Specifica
21、tion C150, Specification C595, and Specification C1157, the relative density should be determined by Test Method C188, and istypically available from the cement manufacturer. A value of 3.15 may be used for Portland cements manufactured to meet the requirements ofSpecification C150. The relative den
22、sity of supplementary cementitious materials should be determined as follows: for fly ash, use Test Methods C311;for silica fume, use Specification C1240; and for slag cement, use Specification C989.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A sample of fresh pervious concrete is placed and consolidated in a stan
23、dard measure. The concrete is consolidated usinga standard Proctor hammer. The density and void content of the pervious concrete are calculated based on the measured mass ofthe consolidated concrete specimen, the volume of the measure, and the total mass of materials batched.5. Significance and Use5
24、.1 This test method provides a procedure for determining the density and void content of freshly mixed pervious concrete.5.2 This test method is applicable to pervious concrete mixtures containing coarse aggregate with a nominal maximum size of25 mm 1 in. or smaller.5.3 The measured fresh density ma
25、y be used as verification of mixture proportions.5.4 This method uses a standard consolidation procedure to measure fresh density and void content of a pervious concretemixture as delivered. Test results are not intended to represent the density and void content of the in-place pervious concrete. Th
26、ismethod shall not be used to determine the in-place void content or yield of the pervious concrete.6. Apparatus6.1 BalanceA balance or scale accurate to 50 g 0.1 lb or to within 0.3 % of the test load, whichever is greater, at any pointwithin the range of use. The range of use shall be considered t
27、o extend from the mass of the empty measure to the mass of themeasure filled with concrete having an assumed density of 2600 kg/m3160 lb/ft3.6.2 Standard Proctor HammerA device used to compact a pervious concrete specimen that conforms to Test Method D698.6.3 MeasureA cylindrical container made of s
28、teel or other suitable metal with a capacity of 7.0 6 0.6 L 0.25 6 0.02 ft3 anda diameter equal to 0.75 to 1.25 times the height (See Note 2). The volume of the measure shall be determined as described inTest Method C29/C29M. The top rim of the container shall be plane within 0.3 mm 0.01 in. (See No
29、te 3).NOTE 2The metal should not be attacked readily by cement paste. However, a reactive material such as aluminum alloy may be used if, as a resultof an initial reaction, a surface film is formed that protects the metal against further corrosion. The measuring bowl of an air meter conforming to Te
30、stMethod C231 can meet the requirements for the measure.NOTE 3The top rim is satisfactorily plane if a 0.3 mm 0.01-in. wire feeler gauge cannot be inserted between the rim and a piece of 6 mm 14-in.or thicker plate glass laid over the top of the measure.6.4 Strike-Off PlateA flat rectangular metal p
31、late at least 6 mm 14 in. thick or a glass or acrylic plate at least 12 mm 12in. thick with length and width that are at least 50 mm 2 in. greater than the diameter of the measure with which it is to be used.The edges of the plate shall be straight within a tolerance of 2 mm 116 in.6.5 ScoopOf a siz
32、e large enough so each amount of pervious concrete obtained from the sampling receptacle is representativeand small enough so that the concrete is not spilled during placement in the measure.7. Sampling7.1 For field placements, obtain the sample of freshly-mixed pervious concrete in accordance with
33、Practice C172.C1688/C1688M 1127.1.1 Start the test for density within 5 min after obtaining the final portion of the composite sample.7.2 For laboratory testing, obtain the sample of freshly-mixed pervious concrete in accordance with Practice C192/C192M.7.2.1 Start the test for density within 5 min
34、after obtaining the sample.7.3The elapsed time between obtaining the first and final portions of the composite sample shall not exceed 15 min.7.3.1Transport the individual samples to the place where fresh concrete tests are to be performed. Combine and remix thesamples with a shovel the minimum amou
35、nt necessary to ensure uniformity and compliance with the maximum time limitsspecified in 7.3.2. Protect the composite sample from the sun, wind, and other sources of rapid evaporation.7.3.2Start the test for density within 5 min after obtaining the final portion of the composite sample.8. Procedure
36、8.1 Place the measure on a flat, level surface free from vibration. Moisten the inside of the measure before placing perviousconcrete. Remove any standing water from the bottom of the container using a moistened sponge. Place the pervious concrete inthe measure in two layers of approximately equal t
37、hickness using the scoop described in 6.5. During filling of the measure, movethe scoop around the perimeter of the opening to ensure an even distribution of the concrete with minimal segregation. Drop thehammer vertically 20 times per layer at the full 305 mm 12 in. drop height. For each layer, dis
38、tribute the position of the tamperso that the entire surface area of the pervious concrete in the measure is consolidated equally. Before consolidating the final layer,fill the measure to overflowing. After completion of consolidation, the measure must contain about 3 mm 18 in. of excesspervious con
39、crete protruding above the top of the measure. If after 10 hammer drops to the final layer it appears that there willbe insufficient concrete, add a small quantity of concrete to correct the deficiency. If after 10 hammer drops to the final layer itappears that there will be too much concrete in the
40、 measure, remove a representative portion of excess concrete with a trowel orscoop. Complete the consolidation of the final layer.8.2 Strike OffAfter consolidation, strike off the top surface of the concrete and finish it flat with the strike-off plate so thatthe concrete surface is level with the t
41、op of the measure.Accomplish the strike-off by pressing the strike-off plate on the top surfaceof the measure to cover about two thirds of the surface and withdrawing the plate with a sawing motion to strike off the areaoriginally covered. Then place the plate on the top of the measure to cover the
42、same two thirds of the surface and advance it witha vertical pressure and a sawing motion to cover the whole surface of the measure; continue to advance plate until it slidescompletely off the measure. Several final sawing-motion strokes with the edge of the plate, which has been inclined to the top
43、 ofthe measure, will produce a flat finished surface.8.3 Cleaning and WeighingAfter strike-off, clean excess concrete from the exterior of the measure and determine the massof the concrete and measure to an accuracy consistent with the requirements of 6.1.9. Calculation9.1 Density (Unit Weight)Calcu
44、late the net mass of the concrete by subtracting the mass of the measure, Mm, from the massof the measure filled with concrete, Mc. Calculate the density (unit weight), D, by dividing the net mass of concrete by the volumeof the measure, Vm, as follows:D 5Mc MmVm(1)9.2 Void ContentCalculate the perc
45、entage of voids as follows:U 5T DT3 100 % (2)10. Report10.1 Report the following information:10.1.1 Date, time, and name of individual molding specimens.10.1.2 Mixture identification and location of concrete represented by the sample.10.1.3 Volume of the density (unit weight) measure, to the nearest
46、 0.01 L 0.001 ft3.10.1.4 Measured density (unit weight) of the concrete, to the nearest 1.0 kg/m30.1 lb/ft3.10.1.5 Theoretical density, to the nearest 1.0 kg/m30.1 lb/ft3.10.1.6 Void content, to the nearest 0.1 %.11. Precision and Bias101.1 Repeatability testing was performed by six laboratories usi
47、ng pervious concrete mixtures proportioned using localmaterials. Each laboratory prepared three batches and performed two replicate tests per batch. The range of density of freshpervious concrete was from 1750 to 2000 kg/m3109 to 125 lb/ft3 (See Note 4).NOTE 4Round robin testing was performed using
48、the following six consolidation methods:Proctor Hammer-2 equal layers, 20 times per layerMarshall Hammer-2 equal layers, 5 times per layerMarshall Hammer-2 equal layers, 10 times per layerC1688/C1688M 113ASTM C29 Jigging-2 equal layers, 50 drops per layer as per TestMethod C29/C29MASTM C138 Rodding
49、Method-2 equal layers, 25 times per layerNo Consolidation-Fill the empty unit weight bucket.Of the six consolidation methods evaluated, the method using the Proctor Hammer produced a high degree of repeatability, employed a straightforwardprocess, and was not physically demanding due to the lower weights as compared to the Marshall Hammer.101.1.1 The single-operator standard deviation of density of freshly mixed pervious concrete has been found to be 22 kg/m31.4lb/ft3.101.1.2 The multi-operator standard dev
