1、Designation: C 286 99 (Reapproved 2004)Standard Terminology Relating toPorcelain Enamel and Ceramic-Metal Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 286; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year o
2、f last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 These definitions pertain to the t
3、erminology used in theporcelain enamel and ceramic-coated metal industries.1.2 Words adequately defined in standard dictionaries arenot included. Included are words that are peculiar to theseindustries.1.3 Hyphenated words, double words, or phrases are listedalphabetically under the first word; addi
4、tional important wordsare cross-referenced.1.4 When a word or phrase, listed as a synonym, is notseparately defined, the defined word or phrase is the acceptedor preferred form.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A 424 Specification for Steel, Sheet, for Porcelain Enamel-ingA 919 Terminology
5、Relating to Heat Treatment of Metals3C 282 Test Method for Acid Resistance of Porcelain Enam-els (Citric Acid Spot Test)C 283 Test Method for Resistance of Porcelain EnameledUtensils to Boiling AcidC 285 Test Methods for Sieve Analysis of Wet-Milled andDry-Milled Porcelain EnamelC 313 Test Method fo
6、r Adherence of Porcelain Enamel andCeramic Coatings to Sheet Metal3C 314 Test Method for Flatness of Porcelain EnameledPanels3C 346 Test Method for 45-Deg Specular Gloss of CeramicMaterialsC 347 Test Method for Reflectivity and Coefficient of Scat-ter of White Porcelain Enamels3C 374 Test Methods fo
7、r Fusion Flow of Porcelain EnamelFrits (Flow-Button Methods)C 448 Test Methods for Abrasion Resistance of PorcelainEnamelsC 614 Test Method for Alkali Resistance of PorcelainEnamelsC 633 Test Method for Adhesion or Cohesion Strength ofThermal Spray CoatingsC 743 Test Method for Continuity of Porcela
8、in EnamelCoatingsC 756 Test Method for Cleanability of Surface Finishes3. Terminologyabrasion resistancethe degree to which a porcelain enamelwill resist attack by abrasive materials.NOTE 1See Test Methods C 448.acid annealingan annealing process in which ferrous metalshapes are coated with acid bef
9、ore and in conjunction withthe annealing.acid resistancethe degree to which a porcelain enamel willresist attack by acids.NOTE 2See Test Method C 283 and Test Method C 282.adherence(1) the degree of adhesion of a porcelain enamelor other ceramic coating to a metal substrate.NOTE 3See Test Method C 3
10、13.(2) Stress necessary to cause separation of one material fromanother at their interface.NOTE 4See Test Method C 633.agingthe storing of porcelain enamel slips or powders beforeuse. The change occurring in slips or powders with the lapseof time.air atomizingair used to atomize powder and to contro
11、lpowder/air mix and powder cloud density.air fluidizerair used to impart fluid-like properties to pow-der via a fluid bed.alkali resistancefor porcelain enamels, the degree to whicha porcelain enamel will resist attack by aqueous alkalinesolutions.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM
12、Committee B08 onMetallic and Inorganic Coatings and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeB08.01 on Ancillary Activities.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2004. Published October 2004. Originallyapproved in 1951. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as C 286 99.2For referenced ASTM standards,
13、 visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohoc
14、ken, PA 19428-2959, United States.NOTE 5See Test Method C 614.alligator hidea defect characterized by an extreme rough-ness of the porcelain enamel surface: a severe case of orangepeel.aluminum enamela porcelain enamel specifically designedfor application to aluminum.annealingsee Terminology A 919.a
15、nnealing acidsee acid annealing and annealing.anti-scale compounda preparation that is applied to burningtools to protect them from scaling in service.back emissionthe electrical breakdown of air due to exces-sive charge build-up in the porcelain enamel powder filmduring powder application. This is
16、due to the self-limitingcharacteristic of electrostatic powders.back ionizationsee back emission.ball millin porcelain enamels, a dense, ceramic-lined rotat-ing cylinder in which ceramic materials are wet or dryground, generally using pebbles or porcelain balls as grind-ing media.base coatfor two co
17、at-one fire application, the thin layer ofbonding frit applied first and used to promote adherence afterfiring to the metal substrate.base metalthe metal to which porcelain enamel is applied.basis metalsee base metal.basket, picklesee pickle basket and pickling.batch smelterany smelter that operates
18、 as a periodic unit,being charged, fired, and discharged according to a prede-termined cycle.beading(1) the application of porcelain enamel, usually of acontrasting color, to the edge or rim of porcelain enameledarticles.(2) Removal of excess slip from the edge of dipped ware.(3) In dry processing e
19、nameling, a bead of porcelainenamel along the edge of ware.beading enamelany of the special porcelain enamels usedfor beading.bisquea coating of wet-process porcelain enamel that hasbeen dried, but not fired.blackboard enamel see chalkboard enamel.black edginga black porcelain enamel applied over th
20、eground coat and exposed in specified areas by brushing thecover coat bisque prior to firing (see also edging).black specka defect that appears in the fired cover coat as asmall dark spot.blankthe piece cut from metal sheet that is to be used informing the finished article.blemishin dry process enam
21、eling, an insignificant imperfec-tion in the porcelain enamel surface.blistera defect caused by gas evolution consisting of abubble that forms during fusion and remains when theporcelain enamel solidifies.blow-off resistancethe degree to which a deposited layer ofpowder resists being blown off by a
22、standard jet of air.blue enamel(1) in dry-process porcelain enameling, an areaof enamel coating so thin that it appears blue in color.(2) In wet-process enameling, a cover coat applied toothin to hide the substrate.boilinga defect visible in the fired porcelain enamel causedby gas evolution which re
23、sults in the formation of blisters,pinholes, black specks, dimples, or spongy surface.bolt-hole brusha special round brush used to removeporcelain enamel bisque from in and around small openingsin the ware.bondsee adherence.box furnacea furnace in which, periodically, a load of wareis introduced; fi
24、red, and removed.break outin dry process enameling, a defect characterizedby an area of blisters with well defined boundaries.bright annealingsee Terminology A 919.brushto remove bisque in a definite pattern by means of abrush.brush, bolt-holesee bolt-hole brush.brushingsee brush.bubble structuresiz
25、e and spatial distribution of voids withinthe fired porcelain enamel.bucka special support for ware during the firing of porcelainenamel on heavy ware.burningsee firing.burning bars, points, or toolsequipment used to suspend orsupport ware during the firing operations.burning tool marka defect in th
26、e porcelain enamel appear-ing on the surface opposite to the point of contact with thesupporting burning tool.button testa test designed to determine relative fusibility ofporcelain enamel frit or powder and so called because thecompleted specimens resemble buttons.NOTE 6See flow button and Test Met
27、hods C 374.cast iron enamela porcelain enamel specifically designedfor application to cast iron.ceramic coatingan inorganic, essentially nonmetallic coat-ing, on metal.ceramic colorantsee color oxide.ceramic inkan ink containing a ceramic pigment thatdevelops its color on firing. Also known as stamp
28、ing,screening, or printing ink.ceramic-metal coatinga mixture of one or more ceramicmaterials in combination with a metallic phase applied to ametallic substrate which may or may not require heattreatment prior to service. This term may also be used forcoatings applied to nonmetallic substrates, for
29、 example,graphite.cermet coatingsee ceramic-metal coating.chalkboard enamela special type of mat porcelain enamelused to provide a writing surface for chalk.chalky or chalkedthe condition of a porcelain enameledsurface that has lost its natural gloss and become powdery.charge decayloss of charge on
30、the deposited powder due toelectrical leakage.charge decay rateloss of charge per unit of time.charge retentionthe ability of an electrically charged layerto retain its initial charge.charge to mass ratioratio of the charge on a powderexpressed in coulombs to the mass of the powder expressedin kilog
31、rams.chippingfracturing and breaking away of fragments of aC 286 99 (2004)2porcelain enameled surface.cleanabilitythe relative ease with which soils or stains canbe removed from a material.NOTE 7See Test Method C 756.cleanera solution, usually alkaline, used to remove oil,grease, drawing compounds,
32、and loose dirt from metal as astep in preparing the surface for porcelain enameling.clear frita frit that remains essentially transparent or non-opaque when processed into a porcelain enamel.coatingsee ceramic coating and ceramic-metal coating.coefficient of scatterthe rate of increase of reflectanc
33、e withthickness at infinitesimal thickness of porcelain enamel overan ideally black backing.NOTE 8See Test Method C 347.cold-rolled steela low-carbon, cold-reduced and annealedsheet steel.color oxidea material used to impart color to a porcelainenamel.colored frita frit containing a colorant in orde
34、r to produce astrong color in the porcelain b-rack(1) a burning tool shaped like a comb used forsupporting ware during firing.(2) A comb-like tool for supporting ware during the metalpickling ebackthe time required for a box furnace to return totemperature after the introduction of a load of ware.co
35、ne-screen testa method for testing fineness of enamelwith a cone-shaped sieve. (see also screen test)consistencythe properties of a slip that control its draining,flowing, and spraying behavior.continuity of coatingthe degree to which a porcelain enamelor ceramic coating is free of defects, such as
36、bare spots,boiling, blisters or copperheads, that could reduce its pro-tective properties.NOTE 9See Test Method C 743.continuous cleaning (coating)a term describing a type ofporcelain enamel designed to provide the continuous re-moval, at normal use temperatures, of food soils accumu-lated on the in
37、terior surfaces of ovens.continuous furnacea furnace into which ware is fed con-tinuously and through which it progresses during firing.continuous smeltera type of smelter into which the raw mixis fed continuously and from which the molten product isdischarged continuously.contrast ratiothe ratio of
38、 the reflectance of a coating overblack backing to its reflectance over a backing of reflectanceof 0.80 (80 percent).NOTE 10See Test Method C 347.cooling zonethat part of the continuous furnace in which theware is allowed to cool after firing.copper enamela porcelain enamel specifically designed for
39、application to copper.copperheada defect occurring in sheet metal ground coatthat appears as a small freckle or pimple-like spot, reddishbrown in color.cover coata porcelain enamel finish applied and fused overa ground coat or direct to the metal substrate.covering powerthe degree to which a porcela
40、in enamelcoating obscures the underlying surface.crackinga defect in the bisque consisting of fractures orseparations.crackleda mottled textural effect in a wet process porcelainenamel resembling a wrinkled surface.crawlinga defect in the porcelain enamel appearing asagglomerates or irregularly shap
41、ed islands.craze, crazinga defect appearing as one or more fine cracksin the porcelain enamel.crinkleda textural effect in a porcelain enamel surfacehaving the appearance of fine wrinkles or ridges.crossbend testa test in which fired or bisque porcelainenamel panels are progressively distorted by be
42、nding todetermine the resistance of the coating to cracking.cup guna spray gun with a fluid container as an integral part.cuppingthe pouring of slip over areas of a part duringdraining to produce uniform application.curlinga defect similar to crawling.curtainsa defect in sheet steel ground coatings
43、characterizedby a draped pattern of darkened areas that are sometimesblistered. May also appear in cover coats applied over theground coat or direct-on.decarburized enameling steela special type of steel sheet ofextremely low carbon content, suitable for porcelain enamelcover coat application direct
44、 to the metal (Type I ofSpecification A 424).decarburized steel see decarburized enameling steel.deckingthe multiple layer loading of ware for firing.de-enamelingthe removal of porcelain enamel from the basemetal.deflocculatingthe thinning of the consistency of a slip byadding a suitable electrolyte
45、.delayed fishscalinga fishscaling defect that occurs after thefinal porcelain enamel processing (see also fishscaling).devitrificationa surface defect manifested by loss of gloss asa result of crystallization.dimplea shallow depression in the porcelain enamel, some-times a defect.dippingthe process
46、of coating a metal shape by immersionin slip, removal, and draining. In dry process enameling, themethod of coating by immersing the heated metal shape fora short time in powdered frit.dipping weightsee pick-up.direct firea method of maturing porcelain enamel whereinthe products of combustion come i
47、n contact with the ware.direct-onsee cover coat.double draininga defect evidenced by flowing of the slip onthe ware, which occurs after it appears that draining has beencompleted.double-face wareware that has a finish coat on bothsurfaces.C 286 99 (2004)3drainingthe part of the dipping or flowcoatin
48、g process inwhich the excess slip flows from suitably positioned ware.drain linea nonuniform thickness of coating appearing as aline or streak in dipped or flow-coated ware.drain timetime required for porcelain enamel slip appliedby dipping, slushing, or flow coating to complete movementacross the s
49、urfaces of a coated part.dredge, dredgingin dry process enameling, (1) the applica-tion of dry, powdered frit to hot ware by sifting.(2) The sieve used to apply powdered porcelain enamelfrit to the ware.drying cracka defect characterized by a fissure in thebisque.dry millingthe grinding of porcelain enamel materialswithout a liquid vehicle.dry process enamelinga porcelain enameling process inwhich the metal article is heated to a temperat
