1、Designation: C 29/C 29M 07American Association of StateHighway and Transportation Officials StandardAASHTO No.: T19/T19MStandard Test Method forBulk Density (“Unit Weight”) and Voids in Aggregate1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 29/C 29M; the number immediately following the des
2、ignation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use
3、by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination of bulkdensity (“unit weight”) of aggregate in a compacted or loosecondition, and calculated voids between particles in fine,coarse, or mixed aggregates based on the same determination.This test method is
4、 applicable to aggregates not exceeding 125mm 5 in. in nominal maximum size.NOTE 1Unit weight is the traditional terminology used to describe theproperty determined by this test method, which is weight per unit volume(more correctly, mass per unit volume or density).1.2 The values stated in either S
5、I units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard, as appropriate for aspecification with which this test method is used.An exceptionis with regard to sieve sizes and nominal size of aggregate, inwhich the SI values are the standard as stated in SpecificationE11. Within the text,
6、inch-pound units are shown in brackets.The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents;therefore each system must be used independently of the other,without combining values in any way.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its
7、use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and ConcreteAggregatesC 127 Test M
8、ethod for Density, Relative Density (SpecificGravity), and Absorption of Coarse AggregateC 128 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (SpecificGravity), and Absorption of Fine AggregateC 138/C 138M Test Method for Density (Unit Weight),Yield, and Air Content (Gravimetric) of ConcreteC 670 Practic
9、e for Preparing Precision and Bias Statementsfor Test Methods for Construction MaterialsC 702 Practice for Reducing Samples of Aggregate toTesting SizeD75 Practice for Sampling AggregatesD 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesE11 Specification for Wire Cloth and Sieves for TestingPurposes2.2 AASHTO S
10、tandard:T19/T19M Method of Test for Unit Weight and Voids inAggregate33. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions are in accordance with Termi-nology C 125 unless otherwise indicated.3.1.1 bulk density, nof aggregate, the mass of a unitvolume of bulk aggregate material, in which the volumeincludes the
11、volume of the individual particles and the volumeof the voids between the particles. Expressed in kg/m3lb/ft3.3.1.2 unit weight, nweight (mass) per unit volume. (Dep-recated term usedpreferred term bulk density.)3.1.2.1 DiscussionWeight is equal to the mass of the bodymultiplied by the acceleration
12、due to gravity. Weight may beexpressed in absolute units (newtons, poundals) or in gravita-tional units (kgf, lbf), for example: on the surface of the earth,a body with a mass of 1 kg has a weight of 1 kgf (approxi-mately 9.81 N), or a body with a mass of 1 lb has a weight of1 lbf (approximately 4.4
13、5 N or 32.2 poundals). Since weight isequal to mass times the acceleration due to gravity, the weightof a body will vary with the location where the weight isdetermined, while the mass of the body remains constant. Onthe surface of the earth, the force of gravity imparts to a bodythat is free to fal
14、l an acceleration of approximately 9.81m/s232.2 ft/s2. D 1231This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 onConcrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC09.20 on Normal Weight Aggregates.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2007. Published Septemb
15、er 2007. Originallyapproved in 1920. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as C 29/C 29M 97(2003).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Doc
16、ument Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Association of State Highway and TransportationOfficials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001,http:/www.transportation.org.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM Int
17、ernational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 voids, nin unit volume of aggregate, the spacebetween particles in an aggregate mass not occupied by solidmineral matter.3.2.1.1 DiscussionVoids wi
18、thin particles, either perme-able or impermeable, are not included in voids as determinedby this test method.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method is often used to determine bulk densityvalues that are necessary for use for many methods of selectingproportions for concrete mixtures.4.2 The bul
19、k density also may be used for determiningmass/volume relationships for conversions in purchase agree-ments. However, the relationship between degree of compac-tion of aggregates in a hauling unit or stockpile and thatachieved in this test method is unknown. Further, aggregates inhauling units and s
20、tockpiles usually contain absorbed andsurface moisture (the latter affecting bulking), while this testmethod determines the bulk density on a dry basis.4.3 Aprocedure is included for computing the percentage ofvoids between the aggregate particles based on the bulk densitydetermined by this test met
21、hod.5. Apparatus5.1 BalanceA balance or scale accurate within 0.1 % ofthe test load at any point within the range of use, graduated toat least 0.05 kg 0.1 lb. The range of use shall be consideredto extend from the mass of the measure empty to the mass ofthe measure plus its contents at 1920 kg/m3120
22、 lb/ft3.5.2 Tamping RodA round, straight steel rod, 16 mm 58in. in diameter and approximately 600 mm 24 in. in length,having the tamping end, or both ends, rounded to a hemispheri-cal tip, the diameter of which is 16 mm 58 in.5.3 MeasureA cylindrical metal measure, preferably pro-vided with handles.
23、 It shall be watertight, with the top andbottom true and even, and sufficiently rigid to retain its formunder rough usage. The measure shall have a height approxi-mately equal to the diameter, but in no case shall the height beless than 80 % nor more than 150 % of the diameter. Thecapacity of the me
24、asure shall conform to the limits in Table 1for the aggregate size to be tested. The thickness of metal in themeasure shall be as described in Table 2. The top rim shall besmooth and plane within 0.25 mm 0.01 in. and shall beparallel to the bottom within 0.5 (See Note 2). The interiorwall of the mea
25、sure shall be a smooth and continuous surface.NOTE 2The top rim is satisfactorily plane if a 0.25-mm 0.01-in.feeler gage cannot be inserted between the rim and a piece of 6-mm14-in. or thicker plate glass laid over the measure. The top and bottomare satisfactorily parallel if the slope between piece
26、s of plate glass incontact with the top and bottom does not exceed 0.87 % in any direction.5.3.1 If the measure is to also be used for testing for bulkdensity of freshly-mixed concrete according to Test MethodC 138, the measure shall be made of steel or other suitablemetal not readily subject to att
27、ack by cement paste. Reactivematerials, such as aluminum alloys are permitted, where as aconsequence of an initial reaction, a surface film is formedwhich protects the metal against further corrosion.5.3.2 Measures larger than nominal 28 L 1 ft3 capacityshall be made of steel for rigidity, or the mi
28、nimum thicknessesof metal listed in Table 2 shall be suitably increased.5.4 Shovel or ScoopA shovel or scoop of convenient sizefor filling the measure with aggregate.5.5 Calibration Equipment:5.5.1 Plate GlassApiece of plate glass, preferably at least6mm14 in. thick and at least 25 mm 1 in. larger t
29、han thediameter of the measure to be calibrated.5.5.2 GreaseA supply of water-pump, chassis, or similargrease.5.5.3 ThermometerA thermometer having a range of atleast 10 to 32 C 50 to 90 F and that is readable to at least0.5 C 1 F.5.5.4 BalanceA balance as described in 5.1.6. Sampling6.1 Obtain the
30、sample in accordance with Practice D75, andreduce to test sample size in accordance with Practice C 702.7. Test Sample7.1 The size of the sample shall be approximately 125 to200 % of the quantity required to fill the measure, and shall behandled in a manner to avoid segregation. Dry the aggregatesam
31、ple to essentially constant mass, preferably in an oven at110 6 5 C 230 6 9 F.8. Calibration of Measure8.1 Measures shall be recalibrated at least once a year orwhenever there is reason to question the accuracy of thecalibration.8.2 Determine the mass of the plate glass and measure thenearest 0.05 k
32、g 0.1 lb.TABLE 1 Capacity of MeasuresNominal MaximumSize of AggregateCapacity of MeasureAmm in. m3L ft312.512 0.00282.811025.0 1 0.0093 9.31337.5 112 0.014 141275 3 0.028 28 1100 4 0.070 70 212125 5 0.100 100 312AThe indicated size of measure shall be used to test aggregates of a nominalmaximum size
33、 equal to or smaller than that listed. The actual volume of themeasure shall be at least 95 % of the nominal volume listed.TABLE 2 Requirements for MeasuresCapacity of MeasureThickness of Metal, minBottomUpper 38 mmor 112 in.of wallARemainder of wallLess than 11 L 5.0 mm 2.5 mm 2.5 mm11 to 42 L, inc
34、l 5.0 mm 5.0 mm 3.0 mmover 42 to 80 L, incl 10.0 mm 6.4 mm 3.8 mmover 80 to 133 L, incl 13.0 mm 7.6 mm 5.0 mmLess than 0.4 ft30.20 in. 0.10 in. 0.10 in.0.4 ft3to 1.5 ft3, incl 0.20 in. 0.20 in. 0.12 in.over 1.5 to 2.8 ft3, incl 0.40 in. 0.25 in. 0.15 in.over 2.8 to 4.0 ft3, incl 0.50 in. 0.30 in. 0.
35、20 in.AThe added thickness in the upper portion of the wall may be obtained byplacing a reinforcing band around the top of the measure.C 29/C 29M 0728.3 Place a thin layer of grease on the rim of the measure toprevent leakage of water from the measure.8.4 Fill the measure with water that is at room
36、temperatureand cover with the plate glass in such a way as to eliminatebubbles and excess water. Remove any water that may haveoverflowed onto the measure or plate glass.8.5 Determine the mass of the water, plate glass, andmeasure to the nearest 0.05 kg 0.1 lb.8.6 Measure the temperature of the wate
37、r to the nearest0.5 C 1 F and determine its density from Table 3,interpolating if necessary.8.7 Calculate the volume, V, of the measure. Alternatively,calculate the factor, F, for the measure.NOTE 3For the calculation of bulk density, the volume of the measurein SI units should be expressed in cubic
38、 metres, or the factor as 1/m3.However, for convenience the size of the measure may be expressed inlitres.9. Selection of Procedure9.1 The shoveling procedure for loose bulk density shall beused only when specifically stipulated. Otherwise, the compactbulk density shall be determined by the rodding
39、procedure foraggregates having a nominal maximum size of 37.5 mm112 in. or less, or by the jigging procedure for aggregateshaving a nominal maximum size greater than 37.5 mm 112 in.and not exceeding 125 mm 5 in.10. Rodding Procedure10.1 Fill the measure one-third full and level the surfacewith the f
40、ingers. Rod the layer of aggregate with 25 strokes ofthe tamping rod evenly distributed over the surface. Fill themeasure two-thirds full and again level and rod as above.Finally, fill the measure to overflowing and rod again in themanner previously mentioned. Level the surface of the aggre-gate wit
41、h the fingers or a straightedge in such a way that anyslight projections of the larger pieces of the coarse aggregateapproximately balance the larger voids in the surface below thetop of the measure.10.2 In rodding the first layer, do not allow the rod to strikethe bottom of the measure forcibly. In
42、 rodding the second andthird layers, use vigorous effort, but not more force than tocause the tamping rod to penetrate to the previous layer ofaggregate.NOTE 4In rodding the larger sizes of coarse aggregate, it may not bepossible to penetrate the layer being consolidated, especially with angularaggr
43、egates. The intent of the procedure will be accomplished if vigorouseffort is used.10.3 Determine the mass of the measure plus its contents,and the mass of the measure alone, and record the values to thenearest 0.05 kg 0.1 lb.11. Jigging Procedure11.1 Fill the measure in three approximately equal la
44、yers asdescribed in 10.1, compacting each layer by placing themeasure on a firm base, such as a cement-concrete floor,raising the opposite sides alternately about 50 mm 2 in., andallowing the measure to drop in such a manner as to hit with asharp, slapping blow. The aggregate particles, by this proc
45、e-dure, will arrange themselves in a densely compacted condi-tion. Compact each layer by dropping the measure 50 times inthe manner described, 25 times on each side. Level the surfaceof the aggregate with the fingers or a straightedge in such a waythat any slight projections of the larger pieces of
46、the coarseaggregate approximately balance the larger voids in the surfacebelow the top of the measure.11.2 Determine the mass of the measure plus its contents,and the mass of the measure alone, and record the values to thenearest 0.05 kg 0.1 lb.12. Shoveling Procedure12.1 Fill the measure to overflo
47、wing by means of a shovelor scoop, discharging the aggregate from a height not to exceed50 mm 2 in. above the top of the measure. Exercise care toprevent, so far as possible, segregation of the particle sizes ofwhich the sample is composed. Level the surface of theaggregate with the fingers or a str
48、aightedge in such a way thatany slight projections of the larger pieces of the coarseaggregate approximately balance the larger voids in the surfacebelow the top of the measure.12.2 Determine the mass of the measure plus its contents,and the mass of the measure alone, and record the values to thenea
49、rest 0.05 kg 0.1 lb.13. Calculation13.1 Bulk DensityCalculate the bulk density for the rod-ding, jigging, or shoveling procedure as follows:M 5 G 2 T!/V (1)orM 5 G 2 T! 3 F (2)where:M = bulk density of the aggregate, kg/m3lb/ft3,G = mass of the aggregate plus the measure, kg lb,T = mass of the measure, kg lb,V = volume of the measure, m3ft3, andF = factor for measure, m3ft3.13.1.1 The bulk density determined by this test method isfor aggregate in an oven-d
