1、Designation: C373 17Standard Test Methods forDetermination of Water Absorption and AssociatedProperties by Vacuum Method for Pressed Ceramic Tilesand Glass Tiles and Boil Method for Extruded Ceramic Tilesand Non-tile Fired Ceramic Whiteware Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designatio
2、n C373; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reap
3、proval.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods covers procedures for determiningwater absorption, bulk density, apparent porosity, and apparentspecific gravity of non-tile fired unglazed ceramic whiteware2products, glazed or unglazed ceramic tiles, and glass tiles.1.2 The values stated in metric units are n
4、ormative. Thevalues given in parentheses are mathematical conversions toinch-pound units that are provided for information only and arenot normative.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this s
5、tandard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles
6、for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method3. Si
7、gnificance and Use3.1 Measurement of density, porosity, and specific gravity isa tool for determining the degree of maturation of a ceramicbody, or for determining structural properties that may berequired for a given application.4. Apparatus and Materials4.1 Balance or scale, of adequate capacity,
8、suitable to weighaccurately to 0.01 g (0.00002 lb).4.2 Oven, capable of maintaining a temperature of 150 65C (302 6 9F).4.3 Wire Loop, Halter, or Basket, capable of supportingspecimens under water for making suspended mass measure-ments.4.4 Suspended Mass Container (if Determination of Sus-pended Ma
9、ss is Desired)A glass beaker or similar containerof such size and shape that the sample, when suspended fromthe balance by the wire loop, specified in 4.3, is completelyimmersed in water with the sample and the wire loop com-pletely free of contact with any part of the container.4.5 Stainless Steel
10、Boiling Container, suitable for boilingwater and with sufficient capacity to hold the test specimensand quantity of water specified in 6.2. The container shall beequipped with a loose removable cover which does not allowpressure to build.4.6 Deionized (DI) or Distilled Water.4.7 Microfiber Cloth.4.8
11、 Heat Source, such as a hot plate, burner, or equivalent toheat the water to boiling.4.9 Desiccatora sealed chamber containing desiccantswhich is of sufficient size and capacity to allow specimens tocool while preventing the specimens from absorbing moisturefrom ambient air.4.10 Pressure Vessel, cap
12、able of holding a vacuum of 91 65 kPa (26.9 6 1.5 inHg) below standard atmospheric pressure.The vessel shall be large enough to hold the required numberof tile samples and the necessary volume of water to cover thetiles during testing. A modified 41.5 quart pressure cooker hasbeen found to meet thes
13、e requirements.4.11 Vacuum Pump, capable of achieving and holding therequired vacuum.1These test methods is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C21 onCeramic Whitewares and Related Products and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee C21.03 on Methods for Whitewares and Environmental Concer
14、ns.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2017. Published September 2017. Originallyapproved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as C373 161. DOI:10.1520/C0373-17.2Non-tile ceramic whitewares are ceramic whitewares as defined in ASTMTerminology Standard C242, excluding ceramic tiles.*A Summar
15、y of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established i
16、n the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.14.12 Gauge, capable of measuring the required vacuum.Gauge shall be installed on a manifold connected directly to
17、 thepressure vessel. Readings from any gauges present on thepump are not acceptable forms of measurement.4.13 Hoses, fittings, valves, solenoids, or combinationsthereof, assembled in such a way to allow manually orautomatic operation.4.14 Timer, accurate to 1 second.5. Test Specimens:5.1 Non-tile Fi
18、red Ceramic Whitewares:5.1.1 At least five representative test specimens shall beselected that have not been previously tested. The specimensshall be unglazed and shall have as much of the surface freshlyfractured as is practical. Sharp edges or corners shall beremoved. The specimens shall contain n
19、o cracks. The indi-vidual test specimens shall weigh at least 50 g (0.11 lb).5.2 Ceramic Tiles and Glass Tiles:5.2.1 Sampling shall be carried out in accordance withSections 5.2.2 5.2.9 (for irregularly shaped tiles, see Note 1).Tiles and relevant specimens must contain no visible damageor cracks pr
20、ior to testing and have not been previously tested.Any loose or contaminating material shall be removed. Thisincludes any mesh, paper and adhesive that has been applied tomosaics. Cutting of specimens, as described in the followingsections, shall consist of scoring and snapping, or sawing whenimposs
21、ible to score and snap with conventional tile scoringequipment (as can be the case with some glass tiles andtextured and structured porcelain tiles).NOTE 1For irregularly shaped tiles (hexagons, circles, and so forth),consider the area of the minimum rectangle in which the tile can be fit.5.2.2 For
22、tiles less than or equal to 205 205 mm (8 8 in.), at least five representative test specimens shall beselected. Specimens shall be cut in half, within 10 mm (0.4 in).Specimens shall be cut perpendicular to the longest side if thespecimen has unequal sides. Select one half at random fromeach specimen
23、 for testing (see Fig. 1a and Fig. 1b).5.2.3 For tiles greater than 205 205 mm (8 8 in.) and lessthan or equal to 410 410 mm (16 16 in.) at least fiverepresentative test specimens shall be selected. Each specimenshall be cut into four equal quadrants, within 10 mm (0.4 in).Select one quadrant at ran
24、dom from each specimen for testing(see Fig. 2).5.2.4 For tiles greater than 410 410 mm (16 16 in.), andless than or equal to 600 x 600 mm (24 x 24 in.), at least fiverepresentative test specimens shall be selected. A 205 205 mm (8 8 in.) portion, within 10 mm (0.4 in), shall be cutfrom one corner of
25、 each specimen for testing (see Fig. 3).5.2.5 For tiles greater than 600 mm x 600 mm (24 x 24 in.),at least three representative test specimens shall be selected. A205 x 205 mm (8 x 8 in.) portion, within 10 mm (0.4 in), shallbe cut from each of the four corners of each specimen fortesting (see Fig.
26、 4).5.2.6 For non-square tiles which have a side less than orequal to 205 mm (8 in.) and a side greater than 205 mm (8 in.),and less than 1000 mm (39 in.), at least five representative testspecimens shall be selected. Each specimen shall be cut onceperpendicular to the longest side, such that a 205
27、mm (8 in.)portion, within 10 mm (0.4 in), from the end remains fortesting (see Fig. 5).5.2.7 For non-square tiles which have a side less than orequal to 205 mm (8 in.) and a side greater than or equal to 1000mm (39 in.), at least five representative test specimens shall beselected. Each specimen sha
28、ll be cut twice, once on each end,perpendicular to the longest side, such that two 205 mm (8 in.)portions within 10 mm (0.4 in.), one from each end, remain fortesting (see Fig. 6).(a.) Equal Sides: x # 205 mm, , a =12 x (within 10 mm)(b.) Unequal Sides: x # 205 mm, y # 205 mm, x y, a =12 x (within10
29、 mm)FIG. 1 (a) thedetails are given in ASTM Research Report No. RR:C21-1020.39.1.1 Repeatability (r)The difference, within a 95 % con-fidence interval, between repetitive results obtained by thesame operator in a given laboratory applying this same testmethod with the same apparatus under constant o
30、peratingconditions on identical test material in the normal and correctoperation of this test method.9.1.1.1 Repeatability limits are listed in Table 1.9.1.2 Reproducibility (R)The difference, within a 95 %confidence interval, between two single and independent re-sults obtained by different operato
31、rs applying this same testmethod in different laboratories using different apparatus onidentical test material in the normal and correct operation ofthis test method.9.1.2.1 Reproducibility limits are listed in Table 1.9.2 Boil Method for Extruded TilesAn intermediate pre-cision study has been condu
32、cted using a single laboratory withthree different operators. The referenced study involved testconditions of three different sets of tile. Three replicate testswere conducted for each condition (results are listed in Table2).9.3 BiasNo statement is made about the bias of this testmethod since no st
33、andard samples are available.10. Keywords10.1 apparent porosity; apparent specific gravity; bulk den-sity; ceramic tile; fired whiteware products; glass tile; waterabsorption3Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:C21-10
34、20. ContactASTM CustomerService at serviceastm.org.TABLE 1 Pressed Tile Water Absorption (%)MaterialAverageRepeatabilityStandardDeviationReproducibilityStandardDeviationRepeatabilityLimitReproducibilityLimitx srsRrRImpervious Tile #1Pressed 0.0675 0.0079 0.0144 0.0221 0.0402Impervious Tile #2Pressed
35、 0.2333 0.0200 0.0597 0.0560 0.1670Impervious Tile #3Pressed 0.2783 0.0166 0.0435 0.0464 0.1219Vitreous TilePressed 2.8496 0.0469 0.0663 0.1312 0.1856Semi-vitreous TilePressed 3.9504 0.0418 0.0971 0.1171 0.2719Non-vitreous TilePressed 13.5946 0.1015 0.3286 0.2841 0.9202C373 175SUMMARY OF CHANGESComm
36、ittee C21 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue(C373 161) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Sept. 1, 2017.)(1) Added Section 2 (“Referenced Documents”).(2) Revised Section 9.(3) Added Tables 1 and 2.Committee C21 has identified the lo
37、cation of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (C373 14a)that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved August 1, 2016.)(1) Changed title from “Standard Test Method for WaterAbsorption, Bulk Density, Apparent Porosity, and ApparentSpecific Gravity of Fired Whiteware Products,
38、Ceramic Tiles,and Glass Tiles” to “Standard Test Methods for Determinationof Water Absorption and Associated Properties by VacuumMethod for Pressed Ceramic Tiles and Glass Tiles and BoilMethod for Extruded Ceramic Tiles and Non-tile Fired Ce-ramic Whiteware Products.”(2) Revised 1.1, 4.1, 4.2.1 4.2.
39、9, 5.2 and 5.2.1, 5.4 and 5.5,7.1, 8.1 and 8.1.1.(3) Added 3.10 3.14, 5.3 5.3.2, new Notes 1 and 4, and newFigs. 4 and 6.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expres
40、sly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised,
41、 either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may at
42、tend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States.
43、 Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be sec
44、ured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 2 Extruded Tile Water Absorption (%)MaterialAverageRepeatabilityStandardDeviationReproducibilityStandardDeviationRepeatabilityLimitReproducibilityLimitx srsRrRVitreous Tile #1Extruded 2.1728 0.0444 0.0444 0.1245 0.1245Vitreous Tile #2Extruded 2.1523 0.0223 0.0246 0.0623 0.0689Semi-vitreous TileExtruded 4.6048 0.1521 0.1521 0.4259 0.4259C373 176
