1、Designation: C 412 05aStandard Specification forConcrete Drain Tile1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 412; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indic
2、ates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers concrete drain tile with inter-nal diameters from 4 to
3、 36 in. that are intended to be used forsurface and subsurface drainage.1.2 A complete metric companion to Specification C 412has been developedC 412M; therefore, no metric equivalentsare presented in this specification.NOTE 1This specification is a manufacturing and purchase specifica-tion only and
4、 does not include requirements for bedding, backfill, or therelationship between field load condition and the strength classification ofdrain tile. However, experience has shown that the successful performanceof the product depends upon the proper selection of the class of drain tile,type of bedding
5、 and backfill, and care that the installation conforms to theconstruction specifications. The owner is cautioned that he must correlatethe field requirements with the class of drain tile specified and provide foror require inspection at the construction site.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards
6、:2C33 Specification for Concrete AggregatesC 150 Specification for Portland CementC 497 Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sections,or TileC 595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC 618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or CalcinedNatural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC 822 Terminolo
7、gy Relating to Concrete Pipe and RelatedProductsC 989 Specification for Ground Granulated Blast-FurnaceSlag for Use in Concrete and MortarsC 1116 Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete andShotcrete3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms relating to con-crete pipe, see Terminology
8、C 822.4. Classification4.1 Drain tile manufactured according to this specificationshall be of the following four classes:4.1.1 Standard-Quality Concrete Drain Tile, intended forland drainage of ordinary soils where the tile are laid intrenches of moderate depths and widths. Standard-Qualityconcrete
9、drain tile are not recommended for use where internaldiameters in excess of 12 in. are required.4.1.2 Extra-Quality Concrete Drain Tile, intended for landdrainage of ordinary soils where the tile are laid in trenches ofconsiderable depths or widths, or both.4.1.3 Heavy-Duty Extra-Quality Concrete Dr
10、ain Tile, in-tended for land drainage of ordinary soils where the tile are laidin trenches of large depths or widths, or both.4.1.4 Special-Quality Concrete Drain Tile, intended for landdrainage where special precautions are necessary for concretetile laid in soils that are markedly acid or contain
11、unusualquantities of sulfates (see Section 7), and where the tile are laidin trenches of considerable depths or widths, or both.4.1.4.1 Where the calculated loads are in excess of thecrushing strengths prescribed in the physical requirements forextra-quality and special-quality concrete drain tile,
12、tilestrengths must be specified in advance by the owner.5. Basis of Acceptance5.1 The acceptability of drain tile shall be determined by (1)the results of the physical tests as specified in Section 8, and inTest Methods C 497,(2) measurements and inspection toascertain whether the tile conform to th
13、e requirements regard-ing dimensions, shape, and freedom from visible defects, and(3) the manufacturers certification in writing that the tile havebeen made in accordance with any special provisions, such asstrength, absorption, permeability, type of cement, admixture,curing conditions, etc.5.2 The
14、owner shall specify in writing the class or classes ofconcrete tile to be supplied, whether Standard-Quality, Extra-Quality, Heavy-Duty Extra-Quality, or Special-Quality. Unless1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 onConcrete Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Sub
15、committee C13.01 onNon-Reinforced Concrete Sewer, Drain, and Irrigation Pipe.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2005. Published January 2006. Originallyapproved in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as C 412 05.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact A
16、STM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Extra-Quality, Heavy-Duty E
17、xtra-Quality, or Special-Qualityconcrete drain tile have been specified, Standard-Quality draintile shall be accepted.6. Materials6.1 ConcreteThe concrete shall consist of cementitiousmaterials, mineral aggregates, and water.6.2 Cementitious Materials:6.2.1 CementCement shall conform to the requirem
18、entsfor portland cement of Specification C 150, or shall be portlandblast-furnace slag cement, slag-modified portland cement, orportland-pozzolan cement conforming to the requirements ofSpecification C 595. except that the pozzolan constituent in theType IP portland-pozzolan cement shall be fly ash.
19、6.2.2 Fly AshFly ash shall conform to the requirements ofClass F or Class C of Specification C 618.6.2.3 Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS)GGBFS shall conform to the requirements of Grade 100 or 120of Specification C 989.6.2.4 Allowable Combinations of Cementitious MaterialsThe combination
20、 of cementitious materials used in the concreteshall be one of the following:6.2.4.1 Portland cement only,6.2.4.2 Portland blast furnace slag cement only,6.2.4.3 Slag modified portland cement only,6.2.4.4 Portland pozzolan cement only,6.2.4.5 A combination of portland cement and fly ash,6.2.4.6 A co
21、mbination of portland cement and groundgranulated blast-furnace slag, or6.2.4.7 A combination of portland cement, fly ash (not toexceed 25 % of the total cementitious weight) and groundgranulated blast furnace slag (not to exceed 25 % of the totalcementitious weight).6.3 AggregatesAggregates shall c
22、onform to SpecificationC33, except that the requirements for gradation shall notapply.6.4 Admixtures and BlendsAdmixtures and blends shallonly be used with the approval of the owner.6.5 Synthetic FibersAt the manufacturers option, col-lated fibrillated virgin polypropylene fibers are not prohibitedf
23、rom being used as a nonstructural manufacturing material.Only Type III synthetic fibers designed and manufacturedspecifically for use in concrete and conforming to the require-ments of Specification C 1116 shall be used.7. Chemical Requirements7.1 Acid and Sulfate Resistance:7.1.1 The owner is not p
24、rohibited from specifying specialrequirements in order to increase the durability of the drain tilein cases where the soils, soil waters, or drainage waters aremarkedly acid or contain moderate or severe quantities of soilsulfates. Without a specific agreement in advance, no drain tileshall be rejec
25、ted by reason of its composition as determinedlater by chemical analyses.7.1.1.1 Soils or drainage waters with a pH of 6.0 or lowershall be considered to be markedly acid.7.1.1.2 Where the sulfates are chiefly sodium or magne-sium, singly or in combination, from 400 to 2000 ppm in thesoil or drainag
26、e water, samples shall be considered to constitutemoderate sulfate quantities, while in excess of 2000 ppm shallbe considered to be severe sulfate quantities.7.1.2 Concrete drain tile that will be installed in markedlyacid soils shall meet the physical requirements given in thetable for Special-Qual
27、ity concrete drain tile.7.1.3 Tile that will be exposed to moderate or severe sulfatequantities (Note 2) if if required by the owner, shall bespecified to meet the physical requirements for Special-Qualityconcrete drain tile (8.3.4). Tile that will be exposed to moderatesulfate quantities (Note 2),
28、if required by the owner, shall bespecified to be made with Portland Cement (C 150) containingnot more than 8 % tricalcium aluminate (C3A). Tile that will beexposed to severe sulfate quantities (Note 2), if required by theowner, shall be specified to be made with Portland Cement(C 150) containing no
29、t more than 5 % C3A. If mutually agreedupon between the manufacturer and owner, other cements, asdescribed in Section 6, that have been proven to be adequatelysulfate resistant shall be used.8. Physical Requirements8.1 Test SpecimensThe drain tile to be tested shall beselected at random by the owner
30、 at the point or points specifiedin the order. If agreeable to the owner, the tile shall beinspected and tested in advance of shipment. Any additionalexpense for making tests and inspection in advance of ship-ment shall be paid by the manufacturer.8.2 Standard SampleEach standard physical test shall
31、 bemade on five individual tile of each size ranging from 4-in.through 12-in. diameters; two individual tiles of each sizeranging from 14-in. through 24-in. diameters; or on one tile ofeach size exceeding 24 in. in diameter. The manufacturer shallfurnish tile without separate charge up to 0.5 % of e
32、ach size ofthe order. The owner shall pay for all the tile in excess of 0.5 %of each size of the order at the same price as paid for other tileof the same size and quality.8.3 External Load Crushing Strength Test Requirements:8.3.1 For Standard-Quality concrete drain tile, the three-edge-bearing cru
33、shing strength shall meet the requirementsgiven in Table 1, Column A, where no absorption test isrequired, or the three-edge-bearing crushing strength shallmeet the requirements given in Table 1, Column B, where anabsorption test is required of the limits noted in Table 1.8.3.2 For Extra-Quality con
34、crete drain tile, the three-edge-bearing crushing strength shall meet the requirements given inTable 2, Column A, where no absorption test is required, or thethree-edge-bearing crushing strength shall meet the require-ments given in Table 2, Column B, where an absorption test isrequired of the limit
35、s noted in Table 2.8.3.3 For Heavy-Duty Extra-Quality concrete drain tile, thethree-edge-bearing crushing strength shall meet the require-ments given in Table 3.8.3.4 For Special-Quality concrete drain tile, the three-edge-bearing crushing strength shall meet the requirements given inTable 4, or the
36、 higher specified load.NOTE 2To meet the crushing strength requirements shown in thetables, it is not prohibited to supply tile designed with increased wallthickness, high compressive strength concrete, or reinforcing, or acombination.C 412 05a28.4 Absorption Tests:NOTE 3Method A absorption test is
37、recommended for drain tilehaving diameters of 12 in. or less. When Method B absorption test is used,the absorption requirements shall be 0.5 % less than the Method Aabsorption requirements, as shown in Table 1, Table 2, Table 3,orTable4. Method B absorption procedure is described in Test Methods C 4
38、97.8.4.1 For Standard-Quality concrete drain tile, the MethodA absorption test shall meet the requirements given in Table 1.No absorption tests are required if the strength requirements ofTable 1, Column A, are met.8.4.2 For Extra-Quality concrete drain tile, the Method Aabsorption test shall meet t
39、he requirements given in Table 2.No absorption tests are required if the strength requirements ofTable 2, Column A, are met.8.4.3 For Heavy-Duty Extra-Quality concrete drain tile, theMethod A absorption test shall meet the requirements given inTable 3.8.4.4 For Special-Quality concrete drain tile th
40、e Method Aabsorption test shall meet the requirements given in Table 4.8.4.5 Specimens for the Method A absorption tests shall beselected in accordance with the following provisions:8.4.5.1 For the tile with inside diameters of 12 in. or less,and lengths of 12 in., the absorption test shall be made
41、on onefull-length quarter segment taken from each of the five tileTABLE 1 Physical Test Requirements for Standard-Quality Concrete Drain TileInternalDesignatedDiameter, in.Standard-Quality Concrete Drain TileMaximum WallThickness forIndicatedStrength,Ain.Three-Edge Bearing Crushing StrengthBMethod A
42、 AbsorptionMinimum Average,lbf/linear ftMinimum Average,lbf/linear ftMinimum forIndividual Tile,lbf/linear ftMaximumAverage, %Maximum forIndividual Tile,%AB4 . . 800 700 10 115916 900 800 700 10 11558 1000 800 700 10 11658 900 800 700 10 11634 1000 800 700 10 11834 900 800 700 10 11878 1000 800 700
43、10 111078 900 800 700 10 1110 1 1000 800 700 10 1112 1 900 800 700 10 1112C118 1000 800 700 10 11AMaximum wall thickness for the indicated minimum average crushing strength, Column A, when no absorption test is required.BDrain tile meeting the above strength requirements are not necessarily safe aga
44、inst cracking in deep and wide trenches.CTile with diameters greater than 12 in., shall meet the requirements specified in Table 2 for Extra-Quality, Table 3 for Heavy-Duty Extra-Quality, or Table 4 forSpecial-Quality concrete drain tile.TABLE 2 Physical Test Requirements for Extra-Quality Concrete
45、Drain TileInternalDesignatedDiameter, in.Extra-Quality Concrete Drain TileWallThickness, in.Maximum WallThickness forIndicatedStrength,Ain.Three-Edge-Bearing Crushing StrengthBMethod A AbsorptionMinimum Average,lbf/linear ftMinimum Average,lbf/linear ftMinimum forIndividual Tile,lbf/linear ftMaximum
46、Average, %Maximum forIndividual Tile,%AB41/2 . . 1100 990 9 1059/16 9/16 1200 1100 990 9 10/16 5/8 1300 1100 990 9 1065/85/8 1200 1100 990 9 10/83/4 1300 1100 990 9 1083/43/4 1200 1100 990 9 10/47/8 1300 1100 990 9 1010 7/8 . . 1100 990 9 1012 1 . . 1100 990 9 1014 118 . . 1100 990 9 1015 114 . . 11
47、00 990 9 1016 138 . . 1100 990 9 1018 112 . . 1200 1080 9 1020 158 . . 1330 1200 9 1022 134 . . 1460 1320 9 1024 2 . . 1600 1440 9 1026 218 . . 1730 1560 9 1028 238 . . 1870 1680 9 1030 212 . . 2000 1800 9 1032 258 . . 2130 1920 9 1034 278 . . 2270 2040 9 1036 3 . . 2400 2160 9 10AMaximum wall thick
48、ness for the indicated minimum average crushing strength, Column A, when no absorption test is required.BFor crushing strengths greater than or equal to those shown in the above table, it is not prohibited to supply tile designed with increased wall thickness, higher strengthconcrete, or reinforcing
49、.C 412 05a3broken in the strength test, constituting a standard sample asdefined in 8.2. By quarter segment is meant one of the fourpieces into which a tile usually breaks in the strength test. If atile breaks in such a manner that a satisfactory quarter segmentcannot be obtained, then the absorption test shall be made oftwo or more pieces that approximate the area of a quarter tileof that size selected so that both ends and the center portion ofthe tile are represented. The average absorption of the pieces soselected shall be considered the abso
