1、2008年中国人民大学考博英语真题试卷及答案与解析 一、 Structure and Vocabulary 1 In general, the_amount that a student spends for housing should be held to one-fifth of the total for living expenses. （ A） acceptable （ B） advisable （ C） available （ D） applicable 2 Every man in this country has the right to live where he want
2、s to, _the color of his skin. （ A） with the exception of （ B） in the light of （ C） by virtue of （ D） regardless of 3 Housewives who do not go out to work often feel they are not working to their full （ A） capacity （ B） strength （ C） length （ D） possibility 4 The soldier was_of running away when the
3、enemy approached. （ A） scolded （ B） charged （ C） accused （ D） punished 5 To begin some activity is to_doing it. （ A） set down （ B） set up （ C） set about （ D） set off 6 How can you_and watch the country go to ruin? （ A） stand by （ B） stand for （ C） stand up （ D） stand up for 7 Edison tested more than
4、 one thousand materials to see if they could_ electric current and glow. （ A） bring （ B） make （ C） carry （ D） produce 8 In most countries, the metric system has been_for all measurement. （ A） admitted （ B） adapted （ C） applied （ D） adopted 9 The little girl is ignorant_the basic rules of English gra
5、mmar. （ A） for （ B） of （ C） with （ D） against 10 Bank notes are not usually_into gold nowadays. （ A） inverted （ B） revertible （ C） convertible （ D） diverting 11 I_you that the goods will be delivered next week. （ A） insist （ B） confirm （ C） assure （ D） ensure 12 The manager just_his resignation to t
6、he board meeting yesterday and today another one took his place. （ A） sent up （ B） sent off （ C） sent out （ D） sent in 13 The cultures of China and Japan have shared many features, but each has used them according to its national_. （ A） personality （ B） temperament （ C） interest （ D） destiny 14 Our
7、journey was slow because the train stopped_at different villages. （ A） gradually （ B） continuously （ C） constantly （ D） continually 15 When he realized the police had spotted him, the man_the exit as quickly as possible. （ A） made for （ B） made out （ C） made up to （ D） made way 16 The annual_of the
8、department store starts tomorrow. （ A） stocking （ B） stocktaking （ C） stockpiling （ D） stockholding 17 Remember to ask for a_of quality for these goods; otherwise they will not offer any maintenance. （ A） warranty （ B） promise （ C） certificate （ D） receipt 18 In many countries tobacco and medicine a
9、re government_. （ A） control （ B） monopoly （ C） business （ D） belongings 19 To ensure its sustained progress in economy, the government has_a series of policies. （ A） reserved （ B） issued （ C） delivered （ D） expressed 20 He has never worried about his properties because he has_them against disasters
10、 and theft. （ A） assured （ B） ensured （ C） insured （ D） secure 21 The terrorists kidnapped the director of the company and demanded a large sum of money for his_. （ A） liberty （ B） relief （ C） relaxation （ D） release 22 A completely new situation is bound to_when the examination system is introduced
11、. （ A） rise （ B） arise （ C） raise （ D） arouse 23 A good way to _ a language is to live in the native culture with the native speakers. （ A） require （ B） inquire （ C） acquire （ D） enquire 24 A product is to be regarded as being _ when introduced into the another country at less than its normal value.
12、 （ A） discharged （ B） discarded （ C） disposed （ D） dumped 25 Its apparent that the wooden bridge is not strong enough to_the weight of a lorry. （ A） retain （ B） sustain （ C） obtain （ D） maintain 26 After his recovery from illness, he is determined to_what he had been doing to attain the goal. （ A） a
13、ssume （ B） consume （ C） presume （ D） resume 27 The transition from wifes to mothers role require the wife to_ to the completely new situation in daily life. （ A） adapt （ B） adjust （ C） adopt （ D） accept 28 All workers, regardless of their sex and education, are required to _ at the age of （ A） resig
14、n （ B） retire （ C） regain （ D） retain 29 The plane found the spot and hovered close enough to_that it was a car. （ A） ensure （ B） examine （ C） verify （ D） testify 30 The encouraging factor is that the_majority of people find the idea of change acceptable. （ A） numerous （ B） vast （ C） most （ D） massi
15、ve 31 The increase in student numbers_many problems for the universities. （ A） forces （ B） presses （ C） provides （ D） poses 32 Please_from smoking until the aeroplane is airborne. （ A） refrain （ B） prevent （ C） resist （ D） restrain 33 Reporters and photographers alike took great_at the rude way the
16、actor behaved during the interview. （ A） annoyance （ B） offence （ C） resentment （ D） irritation 34 Topics for composition should be_ to the experiences and interests of the students. （ A） concerned （ B） dependent （ C） connecting （ D） relevant 35 The novel contains some marvellously revealing_of rura
17、l life in the 19th century. （ A） glances （ B） glimpses （ C） glares （ D） gleams 36 Sometimes the student may be asked to write about his_to a certain book or article that has some bearing on the subject being studied. （ A） reaction （ B） comment （ C） impression （ D） comprehension 37 Picking flowers in
18、 the park is absolutely_. （ A） avoided （ B） prohibited （ C） rejected （ D） repelled 38 Tony has not the least_of giving up his research work. （ A） intention （ B） interest （ C） wish （ D） desire 39 Two of the children have to sleep in one bed, but the other three have _ ones. （ A） similar （ B） singular
19、 （ C） different （ D） separate 40 Am I to understand that his new post_no responsibility with it at all? （ A） keeps （ B） supports （ C） carries （ D） possesses 二、 Reading Comprehension 40 It has been argued that where schools become bureaucratized, they become bound up with the techniques and implement
20、ation of the managerial process, and may concentrate on concern with position and self-advancement. In so doing, they may neglect the purpose for which they were set up. Thus, they do not facilitate the development of those who are part of the school community, and tend to neglect the desires of chi
21、ldren, parents and society at large. It is because of such criticisms that there has been an increasing influence in political rhetoric and legislation of free-market theories of organization and society. Such theories suggest that a much more market-oriented, competitive approach is required so tha
22、t schools reorient themselves towards their “clients“ . By so doing, it is claimed, not only do they once again address the needs of those with whom they should be primarily concerned , but such an approach also unleashes the benefits of individual responsibility, freedom of choice, and reward. Thou
23、gh much of this sounds attractive, it has its roots as much in an economic body of thought as in social and political theory, and this must raise the question of whether it can be viably transferred to an educational context. Indeed, if by “educational“ we mean the development of all within the scho
24、ol community, then free-market theory may miss the mark by concentrating on only one section, “the consumers“ . If teachers are seen as part of this community, then their development is just as important. If bureaucratic forms of management face the problem of explaining how their values can be obje
25、ctive when they are in fact the product of a particular value orientation, the forms of management derived from free-market theories, suggesting an openness to the adoption of different sets of values, are subject to the charge of relativism. In other words, free-market theories, granted that they a
26、re arguing that individuals should be allowed to pursue their own ends, must explain why any set of values, including their own, is preferable to another. 41 According to the author, criticism of schools arises from_. （ A） concerns that schools deliberately neglect students （ B） the high cost of edu
27、cation due to bureaucracy （ C） a perception of them as self-serving and bureaucratic （ D） a misunderstanding of schools officials 42 The “school community“ (Line 4, Para. 4) the author refers to would probably include_. （ A） students （ B） students and parents （ C） students, parents and teachers （ D）
28、 teachers and students 43 The transfer of free market ideas to the schools may fail because_. （ A） schools have no real clients （ B） they concentrate only on the consumer and do not include teachers （ C） schools are totally different from the free market （ D） they have no solid purpose in their aims
29、 44 According to the text, criticism of free market solutions in education arise from the fact that_. （ A） they do not explain why their set of values are better than others （ B） their values are too subjective （ C） their values are too different from those within an educational context （ D） the edu
30、cational context is not a free market 45 The “charge of relativism“ mentioned in the last paragraph is meant to show （ A） the values are too narrow-minded （ B） the values are not specific enough （ C） the values are too self-serving （ D） the values are not strongly held 45 To us it seems so natural t
31、o put up an umbrella to keep the water off when it rains. But actually the umbrella was not invented as protection against rain. Its first use was as a shade against the sun. Nobody knows who first invented it, but the umbrella was used in very ancient times. Probably the first to use it were the Ch
32、inese, back in the eleventh century B. C. We know that the umbrella was used in ancient Egypt and Babylon as a sunshade. And there was a strange thing connected with its use: it became a symbol of honor and authority. In the Far East in ancient times, the umbrella was allowed to be used only by roya
33、lty or by those in high offices. In Europe, the Greeks were the first to use the umbrella as a sunshade. And the umbrella was in common use in ancient Greece. But it is believed that the first persons in Europe to use the umbrella as protection against rain were the ancient Romans. During the Middle
34、 Ages, the use of the umbrella practically disappeared. Then it appeared again in Italy in the late sixteenth century. And again it was considered a symbol of power and authority. By 1680, the umbrella appeared in France and later on in England. By the eighteenth century, the umbrella was used again
35、st rain throughout most of Europe. Umbrellas have not changed much in style during all this time, though they have become much lighter in weight. It wasnt until the twentieth century that womens umbrellas began to be made in a whole variety of colors. 46 The first use of umbrella was as_. （ A） prote
36、ction against rain （ B） a shade against the sun （ C） a symbol of power （ D） a symbol of honor 47 _were the people who first used umbrellas. （ A） Chinese （ B） Romans （ C） Greeks （ D） Egyptians 48 The umbrella was used only by royalty or by those in high offices_. （ A） in Europe in the 18th century （
37、B） in ancient Egypt and Babylon （ C） in the Far East in ancient times （ D） during the Middle Ages 49 According to the passage, which of the following is not true? （ A） Women enjoy using umbrellas with varied kinds of colors nowadays. （ B） The inventor of the umbrella is unknown. （ C） Once ordinary p
38、eople had no right to use umbrellas. （ D） Umbrellas were popular and cheap in ancient times. 50 Which of the following is the best title of the passage? （ A） When Was the Umbrella Invented? （ B） The History of Umbrella. （ C） Umbrella A Symbol of Honor. （ D） Who Used Umbrella First? 50 Adam Smith, wr
39、iting in the 1770s, was the first person to see the importance of the division of labor and to explain part of its advantages. He gives as an example the process by which pins were made in England. “One man draws out the wire; another strengthens it; a third cuts it; a fourth points it; a fifth grin
40、ds it at the top to prepare it to receive the head. To make the head requires two or three operations. To put it on is a separate operation, to polish the pins is another. And the important business of making pins is, in this manner, divided into about eighteen operations, which in some factories ar
41、e all performed by different people, though in others the same man will sometimes perform two or three of them. “ Ten men, Smith said, in this way, turned out twelve pounds of pins a day or about 4 800 pins per worker. But if all of them had worked separately and independently without division of la
42、bor, none of them could have made twenty pins in a day and perhaps not even one There can be no doubt that division of labor is an efficient way of organizing work. Fewer people can make more pins. Adam Smith saw this but he also took it for granted that division of labor is in itself responsible fo
43、r economic growth and development and that it accounts for the difference between expanding economies and those that stand still. But division of labor adds nothing new; it only enables people to produce more of what they already have. 51 According to the passage, Adam Smith was the first person to_
44、. （ A） take advantage of the division of labor （ B） introduce the division of labor into England （ C） understand the effects of the division of labor （ D） explain the causes of the division of labor 52 Adam Smith saw that the division of labor_. （ A） enabled each worker to make pins more quickly and
45、 more cheaply （ B） increased the possible output per worker （ C） increased the number of people employed in factories （ D） improved the quality of pins produced 53 Adam Smith mentioned the number 4 800 in order to_. （ A） show the advantages of the division of labor （ B） show the advantages of the ol
46、d craft system （ C） emphasize how powerful the individual worker was （ D） emphasize the importance of increased production 54 According to the writer, Adam Smiths mistake was in believing that division of labor_. （ A） was an efficient way of organizing work （ B） was an important development in metho
47、ds of production （ C） certainly led to economic development （ D） increased the production of existing goods 55 Which of the following could serve as an appropriate title for the passage? （ A） Adam Smith, the English Economist （ B） The Theory of Division of Labor （ C） Division of Labor, an Efficient
48、Way of Organizing Work （ D） Adam Smith, the Last Discoverer of Division of Labor 55 The United States is a country made up of many different races. Usually they are mixed together and cant be told from one another. But many of them still talk about where their ancestors came from. It is something th
49、ey are proud of. The original Americans, of course were the Indians. The so-called white men who then came were mostly from England. But many came from other countries like Germany and France. One problem the United States has always had is discrimination. As new groups came to the United States they found they were discriminated ag
