1、2009年中国人民大学考博英语真题试卷及答案与解析 一、 Structure and Vocabulary 1 International sport should create goodwill between the nations, but in the present organization of the Olympics somehow encourages_patriotism. （ A） obsolete （ B） aggressive （ C） harmonious （ D） amiable 2 One can understand others much better by
2、 noting the immediate and fleeting reactions of their eyes and_to expressed thoughts. （ A） dilemmas （ B） countenances （ C） concessions （ D） junctions 3 People innately_for superiority over their peers although it sometimes takes the form of an exaggerated lust for power. （ A） strive （ B） ascertain （
3、 C） justify （ D） adhere 4 Some scientists have suggested that Earth is a kind of zoo or wildlife_for intelligent space beings, like the wilderness areas we have set up on earth to allow animals to develop naturally while we observe them. （ A） conservation （ B） maintenance （ C） storage （ D） reserve 5
4、 According to the latest report, consumer confidence_a breathtaking 15 points last month, to its lowest level in 9 years. （ A） soared （ B） mutated （ C） plummeted （ D） fluctuated 6 Melissa is a computer _that destroyed files in computers and frustrated thousands of users around the world. （ A） genius
5、 （ B） virus （ C） disease （ D） bacteria 7 The_emphasis on examinations is by far the worst form of competition in schools. （ A） negligent （ B） edible （ C） fabulous （ D） disproportionate 8 The boy seemed more_to their poverty after seeing how his grandparents lived. （ A） reconciled （ B） consolidated （
6、 C） deteriorated （ D） attributed 9 During his two-month stay in China, Tom never_a chance to practice his Chinese. （ A） passed on （ B） passed up （ C） passed by （ D） passed out 10 When a person dies, his debts must be paid before his_can be distributed. （ A） paradoxes （ B） legacies （ C） platitudes （
7、D） analogies 11 He claims that advertising today tends to portray women in traditional roles such as cooking or taking care of the baby. （ A） depict （ B） advocate （ C） criticize （ D） analyze 12 They achieved more than they had ever dreamed, lending a magic to their family story that no tale or ordin
8、ary life could possibly rival. （ A） confirm （ B） achieve （ C） match （ D） exaggerate 13 The most urgent thing is to find a dump for those toxic industrial wastes. （ A） imminent （ B） recyclable （ C） smelly （ D） poisonous 14 British Prime Minister Tony Blair promised the electorate that guns would not
9、be fired without an attempt to win a further U. N. sanction. （ A） allies （ B） delegates （ C） voters （ D） juries 15 The analysis suggests that the tradeoff between our childrens college and our own retirement security is chilling. （ A） frightening （ B） promising （ C） freezing （ D） revealing 16 Their
10、signing of the treaty was regarded as a conspiracy against the British Crown. （ A） secret plan （ B） bold attack （ C） clever design （ D） joint effort 17 Evidence, reference, and footnotes by the thousand testify to a scrupulous researcher who does considerable justice to a full range of different the
11、oretical and political positions. （ A） trustworthy （ B） intelligent （ C） diligent （ D） meticulous 18 Despite their spartan, isolated lifestyle, there are no stories of women being raped or wanton violence against civilians in the region. （ A） intriguing （ B） exasperating （ C） demonstrative （ D） unpr
12、ovoked 19 The gang derived their nickname from their dark clothing and blacked up faces for nocturnal raids in the forest. （ A） illegal （ B） night-time （ C） brutal （ D） abusive 20 Though sometimes too lazy to work as hard as her sisters, Linda has a more avid fondness for the limelight. （ A） mercuri
13、al （ B） gallant （ C） ardent （ D） frugal 二、 Cloze 20 Like many other aspects of the computer age, Yahoo began as an idea, 【 C1】_into a hobby and lately has【 C2】 _into a full-time passion. The two developers of Yahoo, David Filo and Jerry Yang, Ph. D candidates【 C3】_Electrical Engineering at Stanford
14、University, started their guide in April 1994 as a way to keep【 C4】 _of their personal interest on the Internet. Before long they【 C5】 _that their homebrewed lists were becoming too long and【 C6】_Gradually they began to spend more and more time on Yahoo. During 1994, they【 C7】 _yahoo into a customiz
15、ed database designed to【 C8】_the needs of the thousands of users【 C9】 _began to use the service through the closely【 C10】 _Internet community. They developed customized software to help them【 C11】 _locate, identify and edit material【 C12】 _on the Internet. The name Yahoo is【 C13】 _to stand for “Yet
16、Another Hierarchical Officious Orale“ , but Filo and Yang insist they selected the【 C14】 _because they considered themselves Yahoos. Yahoo itself first【 C15】 _on Yangs workstation, “akebono“, while the search engine was【 C16】_on Filos computer, “ Konishiki“. In early 1995 Marc Andersen, co-founder o
17、f Netscape Communication in Mountain View, California, invited Filo and Yang to move their files【 C17】 _to larger computers【 C18】 _at Netscape. As a result Stanfords computer network returned to【 C19】 _, and both parties benefited. Today, Yahoo【 C20】 _organized information on tens of thousands of co
18、mputers linked to the web. 21 【 C1】 （ A） became （ B） grew （ C） turn （ D） intend 22 【 C2】 （ A） made （ B） saw （ C） looked （ D） turned 23 【 C3】 （ A） in （ B） on （ C） about （ D） for 24 【 C4】 （ A） touch （ B） contact （ C） track （ D） record 25 【 C5】 （ A） founded （ B） found （ C） argued （ D） reported 26 【 C6】
19、 （ A） unwieldy （ B） tough （ C） tamable （ D） invaluable 27 【 C7】 （ A） exchanged （ B） shank （ C） sold （ D） converted 28 【 C8】 （ A） explain （ B） serve （ C） discover （ D） evaluate 29 【 C9】 （ A） which （ B） that （ C） actually （ D） eagerly 30 【 C10】 （ A） relative （ B） interactive （ C） bound （ D） contacted
20、31 【 C11】 （ A） fluently （ B） efficiently （ C） exactly （ D） actually 32 【 C12】 （ A） transmitted （ B） purchased （ C） sold （ D） stored 33 【 C13】 （ A） about （ B） bound （ C） going （ D） supposed 34 【 C14】 （ A） fable （ B） model （ C） name （ D） brand 35 【 C15】 （ A） supported （ B） resided （ C） lived （ D） laun
21、ched 36 【 C16】 （ A） connected （ B） lodged （ C） introduced （ D） linked 37 【 C17】 （ A） over （ B） away （ C） inside （ D） beneath 38 【 C18】 （ A） housed （ B） caught （ C） hosed （ D） hidden 39 【 C19】 （ A） average （ B） normal （ C） ordinary （ D） equal 40 【 C20】 （ A） attains （ B） detains （ C） maintains （ D） co
22、ntains 三、 Reading Comprehension 40 Guthries contiguity principle offers practical suggestions for how to break habits. One application of the threshold method involves the time young children spend on academic activities. Young children have short attention spans, so the length of time they can sust
23、ain work on one activity is limited. Most activities are scheduled to last no longer than 30 to 40 minutes. However, at the start of the school year, attention spans quickly wane and behavior problems often result. To apply Guthries theory, a teacher might, at the start of the year, limit activities
24、 to 15 to 20 minutes. Over the next few weeks the teacher could gradually increase the time students spend working on a single activity. The threshold method also can be applied to teaching printing and handwriting. When children first learn to form letters, their movements are awkward and they lack
25、 fine motor coordination. The distances between lines on a page are purposely wide so children can fit the letters into the space. If paper with narrow lines is initially introduced, students letters would spill over the borders and students might become frustrated. Once students can form letters wi
26、thin the larger borders, they can use paper with smaller borders to help them refine their skills. The fatigue method can be applied when disciplining disruptive students who build paper airplanes and sail them across the room. The teacher can remove the students from the classroom, give them a larg
27、e stack of paper, and tell them to start making paper airplanes. After the students have made several airplanes, the activity should lose its attraction and paper will become a cue for not building airplanes. Some students continually race around the gym when they first enter their physical educatio
28、n class. To employ the fatigue method, the teacher might decide to have these students continue to run a few more laps after the class has begun. The incompatible response method can be used with students who talk and misbehave in the media center. Reading is incompatible with talking. The media cen
29、ter teacher might ask the students to find interesting books and read them while in the center. Assuming that the students find the books enjoyable, the media center will, over time, become a cue for selecting and reading books rather than for talking with other students. In a social studies class s
30、ome students regularly fall asleep. The teacher realized that using the board and overhead projector while lecturing was very boring. Soon the teacher began to incorporate other elements into each lesson, such as experiments, videotapes, and debates, in an attempt to involve students and raise their
31、 interest in the course. 41 The purpose of this passage is to_. （ A） inform （ B） persuade （ C） debate （ D） narrate 42 Guthrie identified three methods for_. （ A） educating students （ B） altering bad habits （ C） avoiding undesired action （ D） forming good hobbies 43 Which of the following is not the
32、example of applying the threshold method? （ A） Parents introduce spinach in small bites or mixed with a food that the child enjoys over time so that the child will not refuse to eat it. （ B） Teachers introduce academic content in short blocks of time for young children and gradually increase session
33、 length but not to where students become frustrated or bored. （ C） Paper with wider lines is first used and then paper with narrow lines is introduced step by step to help children learn printing and handwriting. （ D） A child might be made to throw toys until it is no longer fun by his parents in or
34、der to change his behavior of repeatedly throwing toys. 44 To stop snacking while watching television, people should keep their hands busy by sewing, painting, working crossword puzzles, and so forth. Over time, watching TV becomes a cue for engaging in an activity other than snacking. What method i
35、s used in this example? （ A） The threshold method. （ B） The fatigue method. （ C） The incompatible response method. （ D） The punishment method. 45 We can draw the conclusion from the passage that_. （ A） the incompatible response method is to force child to make unwanted response repeatedly in presenc
36、e of stimulus until he or she becomes exhausted （ B） the threshold method refers to introducing undesired behavior with a response incompatible with the undesired response so they cannot be performed simultaneously （ C） the fatigue method means that engaging in the behavior is transformed into avoid
37、ing it by introducing the stimulus at full strength so it becomes a cue for not performing it （ D） the fatigue method is that in presence of stimulus teachers have child make response incompatible with unwanted response 45 The increase in global trade means that international companies cannot afford
38、 to make costly advertising mistakes if they want to be competitive. Understanding the language and culture of target markets in foreign countries is one of the keys to successful international marketing. Too many companies, however, have jumped into foreign markets with embarrassing results. Transl
39、ation mistakes are at the heart of many blunders in international advertising. General Motors, the US auto manufacturer, got a costly lesson when it introduced its Chevrolet Nova to the Puerto Rican market. “Nova“ is Latin for “new(star)“ and means “star“ in many languages, but in spoken Spanish it
40、can sound like “nova“, meaning “it doesnt go“. Few people wanted to buy a car with that cursed meaning. When GM changed the name to Caribe, sales “picked up“ dramatically. Marketing blunders have also been made by food and beverage companies. One American food companys friendly “Jolly Green Giant“(f
41、or advertising vegetables)became something quite different when it was translated into Arabic as “Intimidating Green Ogre“. When translated into German, Pepsis popular slogan, “Come Alive with Pepsi“ came out implying “Come Alive from the Grave“. No wonder customers in Germany didnt rush out to buy
42、Pepsi. Successful international marketing doesnt stop with good translations other aspects of culture must be researched and understood if marketers are to avoid blunders. When marketers do not understand and appreciate the values, tastes, geography, climate, superstitions, religion, or economy of a
43、 culture, they fail to capture their target market. For example, an American designer tried to introduce a new perfume into the Latin American market but the product aroused little interest. The main reason was that the camellia used in it was traditionally used for funerals in many South American c
44、ountries. Having awakened to the special nature of foreign advertising, companies are becoming much more conscientious in their translations and more sensitive to cultural distinctions. The best way to prevent errors is to hire professional translators who understand the target language and its idio
45、matic usage, or to use a technique called “back translation“ to reduce the possibility of blunders. The process used one person to translate a message into the target language and another to translate it back. Effective translators aim to capture the overall message of an advertisement because a wor
46、d-for-word duplication of the original rarely conveys the intended meaning and often causes misunderstandings. In designing advertisements for other countries, messages need to be short and simple. They should also avoid jokes, since what is considered funny in one part of the world may not be so hu
47、morous in another. 46 The best title of this passage might be_. （ A） Culture Is Very Important in Advertising （ B） Avoid Cultural Misunderstanding between Nations （ C） Overcome Cultural Shock in Different Countries （ D） Advertisements Reflect Various Life Styles 47 What does the word “blunder“ mean
48、in this passage? （ A） Hesitation. （ B） Mistake. （ C） Stutter. （ D） Default. 48 Which of the following statements can be used to summarize the gist from Paragraph 3 to Paragraph 6? （ A） Cultural shocks. （ B） Faulty translations. （ C） Avoid cultural oversights. （ D） Prevent blunders. 49 We can learn f
49、rom the context in Paragraph 9 that the word “camellia“ most probably mean （ A） an animal used in perfume for its smell （ B） a piece of fabric used both in perfume and at funerals （ C） a flower used in perfume for its fragrance and used for funerals （ D） an ornament used in perfume and at funerals 50 One way to prevent errors in advertising in different countries is to_. （ A） fire the translators who d
