1、专业英语八级（阅读）模拟试卷 89及答案与解析 SECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS In this section there are several passages followed by fourteen multiple-choice questions. For each multiple-choice question, there are four suggested answers marked A , B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer. 0 (1)Far
2、mers in the developing world hate price fluctuations. It makes it hard to plan ahead. But most of them have little choice: they sell at the price the market sets. Farmers in Europe, the U.S. and Japan are luckier: they receive massive government subsidies in me form of guaranteed prices or direct ha
3、ndouts. Last month U.S. President Bush signed a new farm bill that gives American farmers $190 billion over the next 10 years, or $83 billion more than they had been scheduled to get, and pushes U.S. agricultural support close to crazy European levels. Bush said the step was necessary to “promote fa
4、rmer independence and preserve the farm way of life for generations“. It is also designed to help the Republican Party win control of the Senate in Novembers mid-term elections. (2)Agricultural production in most poor countries accounts for up to 50% of GDP, compared to only 3% in rich countries. Bu
5、t most farmers in poor countries grow just enough for themselves and their families. Those who try exporting to the West find their goods whacked with huge tariffs or competing against cheaper subsidized goods. In 1999 the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development concluded that for each do
6、llar developing countries receive in aid they lose up to $14 just because of trade barriers imposed on the export of their manufactured goods. Its not as if the developing world wants any favours, says Gerald Ssendawula, Ugandas Minister of Finance. “What we want is for the rich countries to let us
7、compete.“ (3)Agriculture is one of the few areas in which the Third World can compete. Land and labour are cheap, and as farming methods develop, new technologies should improve output. This is no pie-in-the-sky speculation. The biggest success in Kenyas economy over the past decade has been the boo
8、m in exports of cut flowers and vegetables to Europe. But that may all change in 2008, when Kenya will be slightly too rich to qualify for the “least-developed country“ status that allows African producers to avoid paying stiff European import duties on selected agricultural products. With trade bar
9、riers in place, the horticulture industry in Kenya will shrivel as quickly as a discarded rose. And while agriculture exports remain the great hope for poor countries, reducing trade barriers in other sectors also works: Americas African Growth and Opportunity Act, which cuts duties on exports of ev
10、erything from handicrafts to shoes, has proved a boon to Africas manufacturers. The lesson: the Third World can prosper if the rich world gives it a fair go. (4)This is what makes Bushs decision to increase farm subsidies last month all the more depressing. Poor countries have long suspected that th
11、e rich world urges trade liberalization only so it can wangle its way into new markets. Such suspicions caused the Seattle trade talks to break down three years ago. But last November members of the World Trade Organization, meeting in Doha, Qatar, finally agreed to a new round of talks designed to
12、open up global trade in agriculture and textiles. Rich countries assured poor countries, that their concerns were finally being addressed. Bushs handout last month makes a lie of Americas commitment to those talks and his personal devotion to free trade. 1 By comparison, fanners _ receive more gover
13、nment subsidies than others. （ A） in the developing world （ B） in Japan （ C） in Europe （ D） in America 2 In addition to the economic considerations, there is a _ motive behind Bushs signing of the new farm bill. （ A） partisan （ B） social （ C） financial （ D） cultural 3 The message the writer attempts
14、 to convey throughout the passage is that _. （ A） poor countries should be given equal opportunities in trade （ B） the least-developed country status benefits agricultural countries （ C） poor countries should remove their suspicions about trade liberalization （ D） farmers in poor countries should al
15、so receive the benefit of subsidies 3 (1)The banners are packed, the tickets booked. The glitter and white overalls have been bought, the gas masks just fit and the mobile phones are ready. All that remains is to get to the parties. (2)This week will see a feast of pan-European protests. It started
16、on Bastille Day, last Saturday, with the French unions and immigrants on the streets and the first demonstrations in Britain and Germany about climate change. It will continue tomorrow and Thursday with environmental and peace rallies against President Bush. But the big one is in Genoa, on Friday an
17、d Saturday, where the G8 leaders will meet behind the lines of 18,000 heavily armed police. (3)Unlike Prague, Gothenburg, Cologne or Nice, Genoa is expected to be Europes Seattle, the coming together of the disparate strands of resistance to corporate globalisation. (4)Neither the protesters nor the
18、 authorities know what will happen, but some things are predictable. Yes, there will be violence and yes, the mass media will focus on it. What should seriously concern the G8 is not so much the violence, the numbers in the streets or even that they themselves look like idiots hiding behind the barr
19、icades, but that the deep roots of a genuine new version of internationalism are growing. (5)For the first time in a generation, the international political and economic condition is in the dock. Moreover, the protesters are unlikely to go away, their confidence is growing rather than waning, their
20、agendas are merging, the protests are spreading and drawing in all ages and concerns. (6)No single analysis has drawn all the strands of the debate together. In the meantime, the global protest “movement“ is developing its own language, texts, agendas, myths, heroes and villains. Just as the G8 lead
21、ers, world bodies and businesses talk increasingly from the same script, so the protesters once disparate political and social analyses are converging. The long-term project of governments and world bodies to globalise capital and development is being mirrored by the globalisation of protest. (7)But
22、 what happens next? Governments and world bodies are unsure which way to turn. However well they are policed, major protests reinforce the impression of indifferent elites, repression of debate, overreaction to dissent, injustice and unaccountable power. (8)Their options apart from actually embracin
23、g the broad agenda being put to themare to retreat behind even higher barricades, repress dissent further, abandon global meetings altogether or, more likely, meet only in places able to physically resist the masses. (9)Brussels is considering building a super fortress of international meetings. Gen
24、oa may be the last of the European super-protests. 4 According to the passage, what is most characteristic of the protest against the G8 meetings in Genoa? （ A） It started last Saturday and will last a long time. （ B） It involves much violence with a great number of protesters. （ C） It takes thousan
25、ds of heavily armed police to protect the G8 leaders. （ D） It symbolizes the merging of disparate global protests. 5 According to the passage, economic globalisation is paralleled by _. （ A） the emerging differences in the global protest movement （ B） the disappearing differences in the global prote
26、st movement （ C） the growing European concern about globalisation （ D） the increase in the number of protesters 6 According to the last paragraph, what is Brussels considering doing? （ A） Meeting in places difficult to reach. （ B） Further repressing dissent. （ C） Accepting the protesters agenda. （ D
27、） Abandoning global meetings. 6 (1)How do we recognize fear in another person? Scientists have long known that the amygdala, an almond-shaped part of the brain, is critical for the perception of fear. But exactly what role it plays in recognizing facial expressions has remained a mystery. (2)A new s
28、tudy shows that the amygdala actively seeks out potentially important information in the face of another person. In particular, it focuses our attention on a persons eyes, the facial features most likely to register fear. “These findings provide a much more abstract and general account of what the a
29、mygdala does,“ Ralph Adolphs said. Adolphs is a professor of psychology and neuroscience at Caltech University in Pasadena, California, and the University of Iowa in Iowa City. (3)Adolphss study focuses on a 38-year-old woman with an amygdala that is damaged from a rare genetic disease. As a result,
30、 she is unable to recognize fear in peoples facial expressions. However, the scientists have found that she is able to recognize fear if instructed to concentrate her attention on a persons eyes. Adolphs says the research could help those who suffer from other disorders such as autism, which can dul
31、l some peoples ability to discern important facial signals. The study is published in this weeks issue of the science journal Nature. (4)Adolphs and his colleagues have studied the woman, known as SM, for more than a decade. She has a brain lesion in the amygdala. Not only can she not recognize fear
32、, but she also fails to judge how trustworthy people look. (5)To find out how a person perceives fear in other people, the scientists had study participants look at photographs of fearful and happy faces through holes that revealed only small parts of the images. People with normal brains always loo
33、ked immediately at the eye region of a face even more so when the face was fearful. SM, on the other hand, failed to spontaneously look at the eyes, instead staring straight ahead at the photographs. As a result, she judged that each face had a neutral expression. “She simply doesnt know where to lo
34、ok in faces in order to seek out potentially useful information,“ Adolphs said. “That knowledge is something that other people do automatically.“ (6)Although SMs damaged amygdala is unable to direct the visual system to seek information, its capacity to process visual information is intact. Remarkab
35、ly, the scientists found that SM was able to recognize fear in a person if told explicitly to look at the eyes of the other person. This solution, though, was short-lived, as SM needed to be reminded continuously to look at the eyes. (7)“This reveals that the deficit caused by amygdala lesion is not
36、 causing a loss of the knowledge of what fear is or looks like, which is what people would have thought until now,“ Patrik Vuilleumier said. Vuilleumier, a neuroscientist at the University Medical Center of Geneva, Switzerland, wrote a commentary in Nature on the study. (8)The results reinforce the
37、idea that the amygdala can modulate perception and attention and is not responsible only for “knowing“ or “analyzing“ signals of fear, Vuilleumier said. In other words, in addition to analyzing other peoples eye signals, the amygdala “tells“ you to check others eyes in the first place. “The amygdala
38、 is able to guide the visual system to respond to faces, not only the converse that the visual system is feeding the amygdala,“ he said. The scientists have also discovered that the amygdala is activated by other stimuli that dont have anything to do with fear, such as erotic images. (9)“The simple
39、answer that the amygdala processes fear or the threat of danger is only a very small part of the story,“ Adolphs said. “What were looking for is a more comprehensive account of what the amygdala does that may begin to tie all these pieces together.“ Adolphs says many parts of the brain work together
40、 and that more research will probably relate cognitive abilities to a network of brain structures. Meanwhile, the study could lead to therapies to help patients with defective emotional perception to lead more normal lives. People with autism, for example, may have similar brain impairments to those
41、 of the woman in the study. Some autistics may be unable to make normal eye movements when looking at other people. They may therefore fail to make judgments about other peoples emotions. (10)“To the extent that we could actually instruct people with autism how to look at the world and other peoples
42、 faces, we might be in a position to improve their impaired social functions,“ Adolphs said. 7 According to the passage, people with their amygdala damaged can _. （ A） recognize fear with instruction （ B） recognize fear spontaneously （ C） distinguish facial expressions （ D） seek important facial sig
43、nals 8 People with damaged amygdala resemble autistics in the following points EXCEPT that_. （ A） they both suffer from brain damage （ B） they both have difficulty in socialization （ C） they both have defective perceptive abilities （ D） they both have the desire for communication 9 The main point of
44、 the last two paragraphs is _. （ A） the cognitive function of brain structure （ B） the therapeutic value of study of amygdala （ C） the future focus of research on amygdala （ D） the significance of research on amygdala 9 (1)Of all the misfortunes a child can suffer, few provoke as much dread as autis
45、m. The condition a neurological disorder that impedes language and derails social and emotional development has become ever more common in recent decades, thanks partly to better diagnosis. Experts now suspect that one person in 160 lives with some degree of autism; thats three to four times the rat
46、e in the 1970s. But while the outward manifestations are well known, science is just beginning to illuminate the underlying biology. What goes wrong in the autistic brain? What defect or injury leaves it largely incapable of empathy? A growing body of evidence, capped by new findings from the Univer
47、sity of California, San Diego, raises a tantalizing possibility. The new study, published in The Journal of the American Medical Association, links the condition to abnormally rapid brain growth during infancy and it raises new hopes for diagnosis and treatment. (2)The key to last weeks finding was
48、not a milhon-dollar imaging device but a tape measure. Past studies have shown that autistic toddlers have abnormally large brains for their age. But because autism is rarely detected in kids younger than 2 or 3 years old, researchers have never known quite how that situation arises. Two years ago t
49、he San Diego team realized that childrens old medical records might hold important clues. Led by neuroscientist Eric Courchesne, the researchers tracked down early-childhood head measurements for 48 autistic preschoolers, and compared them with national norms. As it turned out, the kids heads had been smaller than average at birth but had grown explosively during infancy, shooting from the 25th percentile to the 84th in roughly a years time. And faster growth predicted greater impairment. Mildly autistic sub
