1、中国科学院考博英语模拟试卷 14及答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension 0 Cities develop as a result of functions that they can perform, some functions result directly from the ingenuity of the citizenry, but most functions result from the needs of the local area and of the surrounding hinterland (the region that supplies
2、goods to the city and to which the city furnishes services and other goods). Geographers often make a distinction between the situation and the site of a city. Situation refers to the general position in relation to the surrounding region, whereas site involves physical characteristics of the specif
3、ic location. Situation is normally much more important to the continuing prosperity of a city. If a city is well situated in regard to its hinterland, its development is much more likely to continue. Chicago, for example, possesses an almost unparalleled situation: it is located at the southern end
4、of a huge lake that forces east-west transportation lines to be compressed into its vicinity, and at a meeting of significant land and water transport routes. It also overlooks what is one of the worlds finest large farming regions. These factors ensured that Chicago would become a great city regard
5、less of the disadvantageous characteristics of the available site, such as being prone to flooding during thunderstorm activity. Similarly, it can be argued that much of New York Citys importance stems from its early and continuing advantage of situation. Philadelphia and Boston both originated at a
6、bout the same time as New York and shared New Yorks location at the western end of one of the worlds most important oceanic trade mutes, but only New York possesses an easy-access functional connection (the Hudson-Mohawk lowland) to the vast Midwestern hinterland. This account does not alone explain
7、 New Yorks primacy, but it does include several important factors. Among the many aspects of Situation that help to explain why some cities grow and others do not, original location on a navigable waterway seems particularly applicable. Of course, such characteristic as slope, drainage, power resour
8、ces, river crossings, coastal shapes, and other physical characteristics help to determine city location, but such factors am normally more significant in early stages of city development than later. 1 What does the passage mainly discuss? （ A） The development of trade mutes through United States ci
9、ties （ B） Contrasts in settlement patterns in United States （ C） Historical differences among three large United States cities （ D） The importance of geographical situation in the growth of United States cities 2 The passage suggests that a geographer would consider a citys soil type part of its _.
10、（ A） hinterland （ B） situation （ C） site （ D） function 3 According to the passage, a citys situation is more important than its site in regard to the citys _. （ A） long-term growth and prosperity （ B） ability to protect its citizenry （ C） possession of favorable weather conditions （ D） need to impor
11、t food supplies 4 The author mentions each of the following as an advantage of Chicagos location EXCEPT its _. （ A） hinterland （ B） nearness to a large lake （ C） position in regard to transport routes （ D） flat terrain 5 The primary purpose of paragraph I is to _. （ A） summarize past research and in
12、troduce a new study （ B） describe a historical period （ C） emphasize the advantages of one theory over another （ D） define a term and illustrate it with an example 5 The two claws of the mature American lobster are decidedly different from each other. The crusher claw is short and stout; the cutter
13、claw is long and slender. Such bilateral asymmetry, in which the fight side of the body is, in all other respects, a mirror image of the left side, is not unlike handedness in humans. But where the majority of humans are right-handed, in lobsters the crusher claw appears with equal probability on ei
14、ther the right side or left side of the body. Bilateral asymmetry of the claws comes about gradually. In the juvenile fourth and fifth stages of development, the paired claws are symmetrical and cutter like. Asymmetry begins to appear in the juvenile sixth stage of development, and the paired claws
15、further diverge toward well-defined cutter and crasher claws during succeeding stages. An intriguing aspect of this development was discovered by Victor Emmer. He found that if one of the paired claws is removed during the fourth or fifth stage, the intact claw invariably becomes a crusher, while th
16、e regenerated claw becomes a cutter. Removal of a claw during a later juvenile stage or during adulthood, when asymmetry is present, does not alter the asymmetry; the intact and regenerate claws retain their original structures. These observations indicate that the conditions that trigger differenti
17、ation must operate in a random manner when the paired claws are intact, but in a nonrandom manner when one of claws is lost. One possible explanation is that differential use of the claws determines their asymmetry. Perhaps the claw that is used more becomes the crusher. This would explain why, when
18、 one of the claws is missing during the fourth or fifth stage, the intact claw always becomes a crusher. With two intact claws, initial use of one claw might prompt the animal to use it more than the other throughout the juvenile fourth and fifth stages, causing it to become a crusher. To test this
19、hypothesis, researchers raised lobsters in the juvenile fourth and fifth stages of development in a laboratory environment in which the lobsters could manipulate oyster chips. (Not coincidentally, at this stage of development lobsters typically change from a habitat where they drift passively, to th
20、e ocean floor where they have the opportunity to be more active by borrowing in the substrate.) Under these conditions, the lobsters developed asymmetric claws, haft with crusher claws on the left, and half with crusher claws on the right. In contrast, when juvenile lobsters were reared in a smooth
21、tank without the oyster chips, the majority developed two cutter claws. This unusual configuration of symmetrical cutter claws did not change when the lobsters were subsequently placed in a manipulatable environment or when they lost and regenerated one or both claws. 6 The passage is primarily conc
22、erned with _. （ A） drawing an analogy between asymmetry in lobsters and handedness in humans （ B） developing a method for predicating whether crusher claws in lobster will appear on the left or right side （ C） explaining differences between lobsters crusher claws and cutter claws （ D） discussing a p
23、ossible explanation for the way bilateral asymmetry is determined in lobsters 7 Which of the following experimental results, if observed, would most clearly contradict the findings of Victor Emmet? （ A） A left cutter like claw is removed in the fifth stage and a crusher claw develops on the right si
24、de. （ B） A left cutter like claw is removed in the fourth stage and a crusher claw develops on the left side. （ C） A left cutter like claw is removed in the six stage and a crusher-claw develops on the fight side. （ D） A left cutter like claw is removed in the fourth stage and a crusher claw develop
25、s on the right side. 8 It can be inferred from the passage that one difference between lobsters in the earlier stages of development and those in the juvenile fourth and fifth stages is that lobsters in the early stages are _. （ A） likely to be less active （ B） likely to be less symmetrical （ C） mor
26、e likely to replace a crusher claw with a cutter claw （ D） more likely to regenerate a lost claw 9 Which of the following conditions does the passage suggest is a possible cause for the failure of a lobster to develop a crusher claw? （ A） The loss of a claw during the third or earlier stage of devel
27、opment （ B） The lose of claw during the fourth or fifth stage of development （ C） The loss of a claw during the sixth stage of development （ D） Development in an environment devoid of material that can be manipulated 10 The author regards the idea that differentiation is triggered randomly when pair
28、ed claws remain intact as _. （ A） irrefutable considering the authoritative nature of Emmas observations （ B） likely in view of present evidence （ C） contradictory to conventional thinking on lobster-claw differentiation （ D） purely speculative bemuse it is based on scattered research and experiment
29、ation 二、 Cloze 10 Increasing numbers of people have migrated from the countryside and moved into towns and cites over 【 B1】 _ . Most are in the Third World, where they are 【 B2】 _ accommodate because facilities are at their most inadequate and meager resources are most stretched. In spite of 【 B3】 _
30、 living conditions, the vast numbers of people moving into cities constitute the biggest 【 B4】 _ ever. While governments can take action to improve the conditions of squatters, the real solution is to 【 B5】 _ the process of urbanization. But to do this governments need to change the ways in which th
31、ey 【 B6】 _ their development funds on the urban areas. If their priorities 【 B7】 _ rural productivity could be increased and this would help develop the national economy. In the end, however, the mini population also lacks the 【 B8】 _ that their urban countrymen can exert on governments. 11 【 B1】 _
32、12 【 B2】 _ 13 【 B3】 _ 14 【 B4】 _ 15 【 B5】 _ 16 【 B6】 _ 17 【 B7】 _ 18 【 B8】 _ 三、 Structure and Vocabulary 19 A Monitor/TIPP poll last month found that young people and seniors held similar views when asked to _ the importance of US military action to remove Saddam Hussein from power in the next month
33、s. （ A） advocate （ B） foresee （ C） supervise （ D） gauge 20 The newspaper reported on the initiative of the organization to establish a private company to professionally _ prisoners due to be released from prison. （ A） habilitate （ B） rehabilitate （ C） preclude （ D） prelude 21 If all the viruses on t
34、he planet were to disappear, a global catastrophe would _, and the natural ecosystems of the earth would collapse in a spectacular crash under burgeoning populations of insects. （ A） varnish （ B） disperse （ C） contaminate （ D） ensue 22 The solution was simple: gas the building with a hallucinogen an
35、d put the terrorists to sleep before they could _ the bombs in the building. And it worked. （ A） detonate （ B） dismantle （ C） demolish （ D） desert 23 Ms. Rice, with customary class, simply expressed hope that this episode wouldnt _ the charity in spite of the previous scandals. （ A） taint （ B） enhan
36、ce （ C） sprain （ D） sponsor 24 These examples show that openness and the ability to change brings couples a giant step closer to the marital harmony they _. （ A） request （ B） negotiate （ C） crave （ D） detest 25 First launched in April this year, Net My Singapore also includes efforts that _ training
37、, development, and the exploration of new technologies based on. （ A） obliterate （ B） sequester （ C） encompass （ D） terminate 26 Anxiety is believed to diabetes by raising levels of the stress hormone cortisol which regulates insulin and blood-sugar levels. （ A） impede （ B） exacerbate （ C） inherit （
38、 D） facilitate 27 Last week, the Us bishops adopted rules to take priests who minors out of any ministerial activities. （ A） administer （ B） generate （ C） implicate （ D） molest 28 There is little reason to believe that the United States will _ from its stated goal of regime change in Iraq. （ A） back
39、 down （ B） blow off （ C） pop up （ D） step up 29 Cox Radio, one of the nations largest radio chains, plans to _ its ties with independent record promoters to distance itself from a payola-like practice that runs rampant in the music business. （ A） consolidate （ B） tout （ C） sever （ D） splash 30 The E
40、uropean Commission issued a _ decision on Oct. 29 permitting an alliance between United Airlines, Deutsche Lufthansa and Scandinavian Airlines System that allows them to coordinate prices, schedules and routes in the transatlantic market. It （ A） automatic （ B） landmark （ C） obsolete （ D） outgrown 3
41、1 Now illegal copies of music CDs _ losses of about $300 million in sales annually and $ 65 million lost government tax revenue. （ A） conflict （ B） inflict （ C） compromise （ D） defer 32 It is the first of several agreements United States hopes to reach as it attempts to reduce, labor costs by $5.8 b
42、illion and _ bankruptcy. （ A） dispel （ B） revert （ C） transfer （ D） avert 33 The United Nations Security Council established the ICTR in 1995 to try the alleged perpetrators of the 1994 _ in Rwanda that claimed the lives of more than 800,000 people. （ A） genocide （ B） immigration （ C） discrimination
43、 （ D） election 34 If you work for a major corporation, or are contracted at one, sooner or later, you may be called upon to create or maintain an internal website. Here are the _ of intranets. （ A） ins and outs （ B） in a pinch （ C） in a cleft stick （ D） in a breeze 35 You are exposed to obtrusive ad
44、s that _ seemingly from nowhere even when you are disconnected from the Net, and your personal information gathered and sent off without you being aware of it. （ A） size up （ B） dwindle away （ C） conjure up （ D） pop up 36 As a psychotherapist with many patients in their 20s, I can _ the fact that no
45、t only do most of them not have any health insurance, but they also do not expect it as a condition of living in this country. （ A） attest to （ B） contribute to （ C） modify （ D） interdict 37 If you develop a reputation for being able to keep secrets others will _ towards you with useful news and gos
46、sip. （ A） feel constrained （ B） feel excluded （ C） propel （ D） gravitate 38 Early signs of _ seen in the herbal medicine study are extremely encouraging and based upon these data, we are now planning a registration program. （ A） faculty （ B） reception （ C） deterioration （ D） efficacy 四、 English-Chin
47、ese Translation 39 1. The onrush of cheap communications, powerful computers and the Internet all explain why many people feel that, nowadays, change is happening ever more rapidly as technological progress accelerates. Moores law, that the power of microchips doubles every 18 months, has been teste
48、d and found correct. This is what gives people the sense of a world shifting beneath their feet. 2. Yet the implication that rapid change is a new phenomenon is again misleading. If you measure the time it takes for a technology to become widely diffused, todays experience does not seem unusual. Tak
49、e the car. The basic patent for an internal-combustion engine capable of powering a car was fried in 1877. By the late 1920s 50 years later over half of all American households owned a car. 3. The comparable dates for the computer axe harder to tie down, but the first big computer, based on vacuum valves, was built in 1946. The transistor the first semiconductor devic
