1、中国科学院考博英语模拟试卷 23及答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension 0 Distance education is enrollment and study with an educational institution that provides lesson materials prepared in a sequential and logical order for study by students on their own. When each lesson is completed, the student mails or transmits the
2、 assigned work to the institution for correction, grading, comment, and subject matter guidance by qualified instructors. Corrected assignments are returned promptly to the student. This exchange provides a personalized student-teacher relationship. If a student slows his or her pace or fails to sen
3、d assignments, the school provides encouragement. Although some institutions provide employment placement information and assistance, no reputable school ever guarantees a job to graduates. Distance education and self-study are different. Self-study materials provide no instructional service. Correc
4、ted assignments, examinations, and special help provided by a qualified facility are vital to a good learning situation. However, these are not part of self-study. There are many self-study courses and recordings available, and they may have value, but they clearly are not correspondence or distance
5、 education courses. Some institutions offer combination courses that provide training-in-residence for students who complete their distance education lessons. In-service or on-the-job training is required or provided with other courses and is a feature of many vocational distance education programs.
6、 Quality distance education institutions screen prospective students to assure that only those who can benefit from the courses are enrolled. While there are educational prerequisites for some academic subjects, interest and aptitude are the primary factors leading to success in most distance educat
7、ion courses. Because they provide alternative educational opportunities, distance education institutions try not to deny a prospective student the opportunity to succeed in a course- interest and experience are good indicators of future success. Distance education courses vary greatly in scope, leve
8、l, and length. Some have few lessons and require only weeks to complete, while others have a hundred or more assignments requiring three or four years of conscientious study. Also, a wide variety of subjects is offered. Subjects include yacht design, accounting, medical transcription, nutrition, rob
9、otics, travel agent training, gun-repair, gem identification, computer programming, catering and cooking, and earning an entire high school diploma, just to name a few. There is an increasing recognition of “distance education“ and many colleges offer credit for their distance learning courses or ac
10、cept some distance education credits of resident students working toward a degree. In fact, many distance education institutions award their own academic degrees. Acceptance of students and awarding of academic credit is the prerogative of the receiving academic institution. Also, the employing orga
11、nization may set its own credit acceptance policies. 1 Which of the following questions does the passage seek to answer? （ A） Why is distance education important to the modem society.? （ B） What is distance education? （ C） How does distance education different from self-study? （ D） How is distance e
12、ducation different from college education? 2 Which of the following is true of distance education? （ A） The majority of the students fail to pass its examinations. （ B） Personal tutors are assigned to students to offer regular help. （ C） Teachers and students communicate through correspondence. （ D）
13、 The courses are set up to suit the pace of each individual student. 3 Distance education is different from self-study in that it _. （ A） provides training-in-residence for students （ B） caters to the interest of each individual student （ C） is available to vast majority of students （ D） offers inst
14、ructional service to students 4 In the third paragraph, the word “prospective“ probably means _. （ A） intelligent （ B） future （ C） successful （ D） hardworking 5 It is implied in the passage that students of distance education _. （ A） enjoy greater freedom in choosing the subjects to study （ B） do no
15、t have to meet any enrolling requirement at all （ C） take longer to complete their study than college students （ D） can usually enter college to work toward a degree 5 Researchers have studied the poor as individuals, as families and households, as members of poor communities, neighborhoods and regi
16、ons, as products of larger poverty-creating structures. They have been analyzed as victims of crime and criminals, as members of minority cultures, as passive consumers of mass culture and active producers of a “counterculture“, as an economic burden and as a reserve army of laborto mention just som
17、e of the preoccupations of poverty research. The elites, who occupy the small upper stratum within the category of the non-poor, and their functions in the emergence and reproduction of poverty are as interesting and important an object for poverty research as the poor themselves. The elites have im
18、ages of the poor and of poverty which shape their decisions and actions. So far, little is known about those images, except as they are sketchily portrayed in popular stereotypes. The elites may well ignore or deny the external effects of their own actions(and omissions) upon the living conditions o
19、f the poor. Many social scientists may take a very different view. As poverty emerged and was reproduced, legal frameworks were created to contain the problems it caused with profound, and largely unknown, consequences for the poor themselves. In general, political, educational and social institutio
20、ns tend to ignore or even damage the interests of the poor. In constructing a physical infrastructure for transport, industry, trade and tourism, the settlements of the poor are often the first to suffer or to be left standing and exposed to pollution, noise and crowding. Most important are the econ
21、omic functions of poverty, as for lack of other options the poor are forced to perform activities considered degrading or unclean. The poor are more likely to buy second-hand goods and leftover foodstuffs, thus prolonging their economic utility. They are likely to use the services of low-quality doc
22、tors, teachers and lawyers whom the non-poor shy away from. Poverty and the poor serve an important symbolic function, in reminding citizens of the lot that may befall those who do not heed the values of thrift, diligence and cleanliness, and of the constant threat that the rough, the immoral and th
23、e violent represent for the rest of society. Physically, the poor and the non-poor are kept apart, through differential land use and ghettoization. Socially, they are separated through differential participation in the labor market, the consumption economy, and in political, social and cultural inst
24、itutions. Conceptually, they are divided through stereo- typing and media cliche. This separation is even more pronounced between the elites and the poor. 6 According to the author, studying the elites also sheds light on poverty research because _. （ A） they are also members of the same society as
25、the poor （ B） they play an important role in creating and reproducing poverty （ C） solution of the poverty problem is at their mercy （ D） they know the living conditions of the poor better than other groups 7 While social scientists are devoting much of their effort to poverty research, _. （ A） not
26、enough legal frameworks have been created to relieve the condition of the poor （ B） they have done little to actually provide relief programs for the poor （ C） they ignore the role of the elites as an object for poverty research （ D） the poor people themselves do not much appreciate such effort 8 In
27、 the eyes of the society, _. （ A） the poor tend to symbolize what lazy and evil people mm out to be （ B） the poor are not worthy of the sympathy the society shows them （ C） economic prejudice is more of an obstacle to the solution of poverty （ D） the non-poor should show more sympathy for the poor 9
28、 The word “pronounced“ in the last sentence of the passage probably means _. （ A） sympathetic （ B） conspicuous （ C） identifiable （ D） unbridgeable 10 In the passage, the author is mainly concerned with _. （ A） analyzing a problem （ B） providing a solution （ C） defining a situation （ D） outlining a p
29、roposal 10 Industrial production managers coordinate the resources and activities required to produce millions of goods every year in the United Sates. Although their duties vary from plant to plant, industrial production managers share many of the same major responsibilities. These responsibilities
30、 include production scheduling, staffing, procurement and maintenance of equipment, quality control, inventory control, and the coordination of production activities with those of other departments. The primary mission of industrial production managers is planning the production schedule within budg
31、etary limitations and time constraints. They do this by analyzing the plants personnel and capital resources to select the best way of meeting the production quota. Industrial production managers determine, often using mathematical formulas, which machines will be used, whether new machines need to
32、be purchased, whether overtime or extra shifts are necessary, and what the sequence of production will be. They monitor the production nm to make sure that Ft stays on schedule and correct any problems that may arise. Industrial production managers also must monitor product standards. When quality d
33、rops below the established standard, they must determine why standards are not being maintained and how to improve the product. If the problem relates to the quality of work performed in the plant, the manager may implement better training programs, reorganize the manufacturing process, or institute
34、 employee suggestion or involvement programs. If the cause is substandard materials, the manager works with the purchasing department to improve the quality of the products components. Because the work of many departments is interrelated, managers work closely with heads of other departments such as
35、 sales, procurement, and logistics to plan and implement company goals, policies, and procedures. For example, the production manager works with the procurement department to ensure that plant inventories are maintained at their optimal level. This is vital to a firms operation because maintaining t
36、he inventory of materials necessary for production ties up the firms financial resources, yet insufficient quantities cause delays in production. A breakdown in communications between the production manager and the purchasing department can cause slowdown and a failure to meet production schedules.
37、Just-in-time production techniques have reduced inventory levels, making constant communication among the manager, suppliers, and purchasing departments even more important. Computers play an integral part in this coordination. They also are used to provide up-to-date information on inventory, the s
38、tatus of work in progress, and quality standards. Production managers usually report to the plant manager or the vice president for manufacturing, and may act as liaison between executives and first-line supervisors. In many plants, one production manager is responsible for all aspects of production
39、. In large plants with several operations-there are managers in charge of each operation, such as machining, assembly, or finishing. 11 The passage is mainly about _. （ A） the procedures for industrial production （ B） the ways to raise working efficiency and productivity （ C） the importance of coord
40、ination in production activities （ D） the role of an industrial production manager 12 To meet the production quota, it is of vital importance that _. （ A） every machine be utilized to its fullest capability （ B） problems be corrected at once whenever they arise （ C） work shifts be arranged to yield
41、the highest productivity （ D） the optimal staffing and budgeting arrangement be made 13 Which of the following aspects is the focus of the fourth paragraph? （ A） Quality control. （ B） Inventory control. （ C） Coordination of production activities. （ D） The necessity to obtain the latest information.
42、14 The procurement department is in charge of _. （ A） purchasing the production materials （ B） distributing the inventories in stock （ C） controlling the quality of the products （ D） making constant communication with other departments 15 What is the role of computers in the production process? （ A）
43、 They Control the techniques of production. （ B） They keep each department well-informed. （ C） They monitor the progress and status of work. （ D） They transmit directions from the management to employees. 15 Linguists have understood for decades that language and thought are closely related. Humans
44、construct reality using thought and express these thoughts through the use of language. Edward Sapir and his student Benjamin Whorf are credited with developing the most relevant explanation outlining the relationship between thought and language, the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. The hypothesis consists
45、of two parts, linguistic relativity and linguistic determinism. Supporters of linguistic relativity assume that culture is shaped by language. Terwilliger defines linguistic determinism as the process by which “the functions of ones mind are determined by the nature of the language which one speaks.
46、“ In simpler terms, the thoughts that we construct are based upon the language that we speak and the words that we use. In its strongest sense, linguistic determinism can be interpreted as meaning that language determines thought. In its weakest sense, language partially influences thought. Whorf wa
47、s careful to avoid authoritative statements which would permanently commit him to particular position. Because of the broad nature of his statements, it is difficult to distinguish exactly to what extent Whorl Believes that language determines thought. Heated debate among modem linguists demonstrate
48、s that disagreement exists about the accuracy and correctness of Whorfs studies and of the actual level of influence of language on thought processes. The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis essentially consists of two distinct statements connecting the relation of thought and language. Whorf believes that human
49、s may be able to think only about objects, processes, and conditions that have language associated with them. The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis also explains the relationship between different languages (French, English, German, Chinese, and so on)and thought. Whorf demonstrated that culture is largely determined by language. Different cultures perceive the world in different ways. Culturally essential objects, conditions and processes usually are defined by a plethora of words, while things that cultures perceive as unimportant a
