1、在职申硕同等学力英语（阅读）模拟试卷 22及答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension Directions: There are 5 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by 5 questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar acr
2、oss the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET. 0 Imagine eating everything delicious you want with none of the fat. That would be great, wouldnt it ? New “fake fat“ products appeared on store shelves in the United States recently, but not everyone is happy about it. Makers of the prod
3、ucts, which contain a compound called olestra, say food manufacturers can now eliminate fat from certain foods. Critics, however, say the new compound can rob the body of essential vitamins and nutrients(营养物 )and can also cause unpleasant side effects in some people. So its up to consumers to decide
4、 whether the new fat-free products taste good enough to keep eating. Chemists discovered olestra in the late 1960s, when they were searching for a fat that could be digested by infants more easily. Instead of finding the desired fat, the researchers created a fat that cant be digested at all. Normal
5、ly, special chemicals in the intestines(肠道 )“grab“ molecules of regular fat and break them down so they can be used by the body. A molecule of regular fat is made up of three molecules of substances called fatty acids. The fatty acids are absorbed by the intestines and bring with them the essential
6、vitamins A, D, E, and K. When fat molecules are present in the intestines with any of those vitamins, the vitamins attach to the molecules and are carried into the blood stream. Olestra, which is made from six to eight molecules of fatty acids, is too large for the intestines to absorb. It just slid
7、es through the intestines without being broken down. Manufacturers say its that ability to slide unchanged through the intestines that makes olestra so valuable as a fat substitute. It provides consumers with the taste of regular fat without any bad effects on the body. But critics say olestra can p
8、revent vitamins A, D, E, and K from being absorbed. It can also prevent the absorption of carotenoids(类胡萝卜素 ), compounds that may reduce the risk of cancer, heart disease, etc. Manufacturers are adding vitamins A, D, E, and K as well as carotenoids to their products now. Even so, some nutritionists
9、are still concerned that people might eat unlimited amounts of food made with the fat substitute without worrying about how many calories they are consuming. 1 We learn from the passage that olestra is a substance that_. （ A） contains plenty of nutrients （ B） makes foods fat-free while keeping them
10、delicious （ C） renders foods calorie-free while retaining their vitamins （ D） makes foods easily digestible 2 The result of the search for an easily digestible fat turned out to be_. （ A） just as anticipated （ B） quite unexpected （ C） commercially useless （ D） somewhat controversial 3 Olestra is dif
11、ferent from ordinary fats in that_. （ A） it facilitates the absorption of vitamins by the body （ B） it passes through the intestines without being absorbed （ C） it helps reduce the incidence of heart disease （ D） it prevents excessive intake of vitamins 4 What is a possible negative effect of olestr
12、a according to some critics? （ A） It may increase the risk of cancer. （ B） It may spoil the consumers appetite. （ C） It may impair the digestive system. （ D） It may affect the overall fat intake. 5 Why are nutritionists concerned about adding vitamins to olestra? （ A） People may be induced to eat mo
13、re than necessary. （ B） It may trigger a new wave of fake food production. （ C） It may lead to the over-consumption of vitamins. （ D） The function of the intestines may be weakened. 6 Not everyone is happy with the “fake fat“ food products because_. （ A） they do not taste well as the real fat food （
14、 B） the “fake fat“ cannot be digested at all in human intestines （ C） critics argue that the fat-free compound can rob the body of essential vitamins and nutrients and can also cause unpleasant side effects in some people （ D） the processing of eliminating fats raise up cost of food manufacturers 6
15、In the 1920s, demand for American farm products fell, as European countries began to recover from World War I and instituted austerity(紧缩 )programs to reduce their imports. The result was a sharp drop in farm prices. This period was more disastrous for farmers than earlier times had been, because fa
16、rmers were no longer self-sufficient. They were paying for machinery, seed, and fertilizer, and they were also buying consumer goods. The prices of the items farmers bought remained constant, while prices they received for their products fell. These developments were made worse by the Great Depressi
17、on, which began in 1929 and extended throughout the 1930s. In 1929, under President Herbert Hoover, the Federal Farm Board was organized. It established the principle of direct interference with supply and demand, and it represented the first national commitment to provide greater economic stability
18、 for farmers. President Hoovers successor attached even more importance to this problem. One of the first measures proposed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt when he took office in 1933 was the Agricultural Adjustment Act, which was subsequently passed by Congress. This law gave the Secretary of Ag
19、riculture the power to reduce production through voluntary agreements with farmers who were paid to take their land out of use. A deliberate scarcity of farm products was planned in an effort to raise prices. This law was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court on the grounds that general tax
20、es were being collected to pay one special group of people. However, new laws were passed immediately that achieved the same result of resting soil and providing flood-control measures, but which were based on the principle of soil conservation. The Roosevelt Administration believed that rebuilding
21、the nations soil was in the national interest and was not simply a plan to help farmers at the expense of other citizens. Later the government guaranteed loans to farmers so that they could buy farm machinery, hybrid(杂交 )grain, and fertilizers. 7 What brought about the decline in the demand for Amer
22、ican farm products? （ A） The impact of the Great Depression. （ B） The shrinking of overseas markets. （ C） The destruction caused by the First World War. （ D） The increased exports of European countries. 8 The chief concern of the American government in the area of agriculture in the 1920s was_. （ A）
23、 to increase farm production （ B） to establish agricultural laws （ C） to prevent farmers from going bankrupt （ D） to promote the mechanization of agriculture 9 The Agricultural Adjustment Act encouraged American farmers to_. （ A） reduce their scale of production （ B） make full use of their land （ C）
24、 adjust the prices of their farm products （ D） be self-sufficient in agricultural production 10 The Supreme Court rejected the Agricultural Adjustment Act because it believed that the Act_. （ A） might cause greater scarcity of farm products （ B） didnt give the Secretary of Agriculture enough power （
25、 C） would benefit neither the government nor the farmers （ D） benefited one group of citizens at the expense of others 11 It was claimed that the new laws passed during the Roosevelt Administration were aimed at_. （ A） reducing the cost of farming （ B） conserving soil in the long-term interest of th
26、e nation （ C） lowering the burden of farmers （ D） helping farmers without shifting the burden onto other taxpayers 12 From the last paragraph of the passage, which of the below measures were not from the Agricultural Adjustment Act? （ A） It gave the Secretary of Agriculture the power to reduce produ
27、ction through voluntary agreements with farmers who were paid to take their land out of use. （ B） A deliberate scarcity of farm products was planned in an effort to raise prices. （ C） Flood-control measures. （ D） Guaranteed loans were given by the government to farmers so that they could buy farm ma
28、chinery, hybrid grain, and fertilizers. 12 In the 1950s, the pioneers of artificial intelligence(AI)predicted that, by the end of this century, computers would be conversing with us at work and robots would be performing our housework. But as useful as computers are, theyre nowhere close to achievin
29、g anything remotely resembling these early aspirations for humanlike behavior. Never mind something as complex as conversation: the most powerful computers struggle to reliably recognize the shape of an object, the most elementary of tasks for a ten-month-old kid. A growing group of AI researchers t
30、hink they know where the field went wrong. The problem, the scientists say, is that AI has been trying to separate the highest, most abstract levels of thought, like language and mathematics, and to duplicate them with logical, step-by-step programs. A new movement in AI, on the other hand, takes a
31、closer look at the more roundabout way in which nature came up with intelligence. Many of these researchers study evolution and natural adaptation instead of formal logic and conventional computer programs. Rather than digital computers and transistors, some want to work with brain cells and protein
32、s. The results of these early efforts are as promising as they are peculiar, and the new nature-based AI movement is slowly but surely moving to the forefront of the field. Imitating the brains neural(神经的 )network is a huge step in the right direction, says computer scientist and biophysicist Michae
33、l Conrad, but it still misses an important aspect of natural intelligence. “People tend to treat the brain as if it were made up of color-coded transistors,“ he explains. “But its not simply a clever network of switches. There are lots of important things going on inside the brain cells themselves.
34、“ Specifically, Conrad believes that many of the brains capabilities stem from the pattern-recognition proficiency of the individual molecules that make up each brain cell. The best way to build an artificially intelligent device, he claims, would be to build it around the same sort of molecular ski
35、lls. Right now, the notion that conventional computers and software are fundamentally incapable of matching the processes that take place in the brain remains controversial. But if it proves true, then the efforts of Conrad and his fellow AI rebels could turn out to be the only game in town. 13 The
36、author says that the powerful computers of today_. （ A） are capable of reliably recognizing the shape of an object （ B） are close to exhibiting humanlike behavior （ C） are not very different in their performance from those of the 1950s （ D） still cannot communicate with people in a human language 14
37、 The new trend in artificial intelligence research stems from_. （ A） the shift of the focus of study on to the recognition of the shapes of objects （ B） the belief that human intelligence cannot be duplicated with logical, step-by-step programs （ C） the aspirations of scientists to duplicate the int
38、elligence of a ten-month-old child （ D） the efforts made by scientists in the study of the similarities between transistors and brain cells 15 Conrad and his group of AI researchers have been making enormous efforts to_. （ A） find a roundabout way to design powerful computers （ B） build a computer u
39、sing a clever network of switches （ C） find out how intelligence developed in nature （ D） separate the highest and most abstract levels of thought 16 Whats the authors opinion about the new AI movement? （ A） It has created a sensation among artificial intelligence researchers but will soon die out （
40、 B） Its a breakthrough in duplicating human thought processes. （ C） Its more like a peculiar game rather than a real scientific effort. （ D） It may prove to be in the right direction though nobody is sure of its future prospects. 17 Which of the following is closest in meaning to the phrase “the onl
41、y game in town“(Lines 34, Para. 4)? （ A） The only approach to building an artificially intelligent computer. （ B） The only way for them to win a prize in artificial intelligence research. （ C） The only area worth studying in computer science. （ D） The only game they would like to play in town. 18 Wh
42、ich of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage? （ A） Computers are by no means close to achieving anything remotely resembling early aspirations for humanlike behavior. （ B） A new movement in AI takes a closer look at the more roundabout way in which nature come up with intelli
43、gence. （ C） The new nature-based AI movement develops rapidly and it surely moves to the forefront of the field. （ D） The notion that conventional computers are fundamentally incapable of matching the processes that take place in the brain remains controversial. 18 Cars account for half the oil cons
44、umed in the U. S. , about half the urban pollution and one fourth the greenhouse(温室 )gases. They take a similar toll(损耗 )of resources in other industrial nations and in the cities of the developing world. As vehicle-use continues to increase in the coming decade, the U. S. and other countries will h
45、ave to deal with these issues or else face unacceptable economic, health-related and political costs. It is unlikely that prices will remain at their current low level or that other nations will accept a large and growing U. S. contribution to global climatic change. Policymakers and industry have f
46、our options: reduce vehicle use, increase the efficiency and reduce the emissions of conventional gasoline-powered vehicles, switch to less harmful fuels, or find less polluting driving systems. The last of these in particular the introduction of vehicles powered by electricity is ultimately the onl
47、y sustainable option. The other alternatives are attractive in theory but in practice are either impractical or offer only marginal improvements. For example, reduced vehicle use could solve traffic problems and a host of social and environmental problems, but evidence from around the world suggests
48、 that it is very difficult to make people give up their cars to any significant extent. In the U.S. , mass-transit ridership and carpooling(合伙用车 )have declined since World War II. Even in western Europe, with fuel prices averaging more than $ 1 a liter(about $ 4 a gallon)and with easily accessible m
49、ass transit and dense populations, cars still account for 80 percent of all passenger travel. Improved energy efficiency is also appealing, but automotive fuel economy has barely made any progress in 10 years. Alternative fuels such as natural gas, burned in internal-combustion engines, could be introduced at relatively low cost, but they would lead to only marginal reductions in pollution and greenhouse emissions(especially because oil companies are already spending billions of dollars every year to develop less
