1、大学英语六级模拟试卷 518及答案与解析 一、 Part I Writing (30 minutes) 1 For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Should Retirement Age Be Raised? You should write at least 150 words according to the outline given below. 1.有人赞成提高 退休年龄 2.有人则反对 3.你的看法 Should Retirement Age Be Raised? 二、
2、Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes) Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions attached to the passage. For questions 1-4, mark： Y (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passag
3、e; N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage; NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage. 1 Factors for Stress and Anxiety At some point in their lives virtually everyone will experience stressful events or situations that overwhelm their nat
4、ural coping mechanisms. In one poll, 89% of respondents indicated that they had experienced serious stress in their lives. Some people are simply biologically prone to stress. Factors leading to stress and anxiety mainly are as follows: Risk Factors Conditions that are most likely to be associated w
5、ith stress and negative physical effects include the following: An accumulation of persistent stressful situations, particularly those that a person cannot easily control (for example, high-pressured work plus an unhappy relationship). Persistent stress following a severe acute response to a stabbin
6、g event (such as an automobile accident). Acute stress accompanying serious illness, such as heart disease. People respond to stress differently, depending on different factors: Early nurturing: Abusive behavior towards children may cause long-term abnormalities (反常 ) in the hypothalamus-pituitary s
7、ystem, which regulates stress. Personality traits: Certain people have personality traits that cause them to over-respond to stressful events. Genetic factors: Some people have genetic factors that affect stress, such as having a more or less efficient relaxation response. One study found a genetic
8、abnormality in serotonin (血清素 ) regulation that was connected with a heightened reaction of heart rates and blood pressure in response to stress. (Serotonin is a brain chemical involved with feelings of well-being.) Immune-regulated diseases: Certain diseases that are associated with immune abnormal
9、ities such as rheumatoid arthritis (类风湿性关节炎 ) may actually weaken a response to stress. The length and quality of stressors: Naturally, the longer the duration and the more intense the stressors, the more harmful the effects. Childhood Factors Children are frequent victims of stress because they are
10、 often unable to communicate their feelings accurately. They also have trouble communicating their responses to events over which they have no control. Certain physical symptoms, notably repeated abdominal pain without a known cause, may be indicators of stress in children. Various conditions can af
11、fect their susceptibility to stress. Parental stress, especially in mothers, is a particularly powerful source of stress in children, even more important than poverty or overcrowding. Young children of mothers who are highly stressed (particularly if they were depressed) tend to be at high risk for
12、developing stress-related problems. This may be especially true if the mothers were stressed during both the childs infancy and early years. Some evidence even supports the old idea that stress during pregnancy can have adverse effects on the infants mood and behavior. Older children with stressed m
13、others may become aggressive and anti-social. Another study suggested that stress-reduction techniques in parents may improve their childrens behavior. Adolescent boys and girls experience equal amounts of stress, but the source and effects may differ. Girls tend to become stressed from interpersona
14、l situations, and stress is more likely to lead to depression in girls than in boys. For boys, however, specific events, such as changing schools or getting poor grades, appear to be the major sources of stress. Work and Stress In a study of 46,000 workers, health care costs were 147% higher in work
15、ers who were stressed or depressed than in others who were not. Furthermore, according to one survey, 40% of American workers describe their jobs as very stressful, making job-related stress an important and preventable health hazard. Several studies are now suggesting that job-related stress is as
16、great a threat to health as smoking or not exercising. Stress impairs concentration, causes sleeplessness, and increases the risk for illness, back problems, accidents, and lost time from work. Work stress can lead to harassment or even violence while on the job. At its most extreme, chronic stress
17、places a burden on the heart and circulation that in some cases may be fatal. The Japanese even have a word for sudden death due to overwork, karoushi. Many institutions within the current culture, while paying lip service to stress reduction, put intense pressure on individuals to behave in ways th
18、at increase tension. Yet, there are numerous effective management tools and techniques available to reduce stress. Furthermore, treatment for work-related stress has proven benefits for both the employee and employer. In one study, at the end of 2 years, a company that instituted a stress management
19、 program saved nearly $150,000 in workers compensations costs (the cost of the program was only $6,000). Other studies have reported specific health benefits resulting from workplace stress-management programs. In one of the studies, workers with hypertension experienced reduced blood pressure after
20、 even a brief (16-hour) program that helped them manage stress behaviorally. In general, however, few workplaces offer stress management programs, and it is usually up to the employees to find their own ways to reduce stress. Here are some suggestions: Seek out someone in the Human Resources departm
21、ent or a sympathetic manager and communicate concerns about job stress. Work with them in a non-confrontational way to improve working conditions, letting them know that productivity can be improved if some of the pressure is off. Establish or reinforce a network of friends at work and at home. Rest
22、ructure priorities and eliminate unnecessary tasks. Learn to focus on positive outcomes. If the job is unendurable, plan and execute a career change. Send out resumes or work on getting a transfer within the company. If this isnt possible, be sure to schedule daily pleasant activities and physical e
23、xercise during free time. It may be helpful to keep in mind that bosses are also victimized by the same stressful conditions they are imposing. For example, in one study of male managers in three Swedish companies, those who worked in a bureaucracy had greater stress-related heart risks than those w
24、ho worked in companies with social supports. Caregiving Studies show that caregivers of physically or mentally disabled family members are at risk for chronic stress. One study reported that overall mortality rates were over 60% higher in caregivers who were under constant stress. Spouses caring for
25、 a disabled partner are particularly vulnerable to a range of stress-related health threats, including influenza, depression, heart disease, and even poorer survival rates. Caring for a spouse with even minor disabilities can induce severe stress. Intervention programs that are aimed at helping the
26、caregiver approach the situation positively can reduce stress, and help the caregiver maintain a positive attitude. A 2002 program also demonstrated that moderate-intensity exercise was very helpful in reducing stress and improving sleep in caregivers. Caregiving among the health professionals is al
27、so a high risk factor for stress. One study, for example, found that registered nurses with low job control, high job demands, and low work-related social support experienced very dramatic health declines, both physically and emotionally. Anxiety Disorders People who are less emotionally stable or h
28、ave high anxiety levels tend to experience specific events as more stressful than others. Some doctors describe an exaggerated negative response to stress as treating the event as a catastrophe. Nevertheless, a 2003 study of patients with anxiety disorder did not find any differences in actual physi
29、cal response to stress (heart rate, blood pressure, release of stress hormones) compared to people without anxiety. Lacking a Social Network The lack of an established network of family and friends predisposes (使预先有倾向 ) one to stress disorders and stress-related health problems, including heart dise
30、ase and infections. A study, meanwhile, reported that older people who maintain active relationships with their adult children are buffered against the adverse health effects of chronic stress-inducing situations, such as low-income or lower-social class. Another study suggested this may be because
31、people who live alone are unable to discuss negative feelings as a means to relieve their stress. Studies of people who remain happy and healthy despite many life stresses conclude that most have very good networks of social support. One study indicated that support even from strangers reduced blood
32、 pressure surges in people undergoing a stressful event. Many studies suggest that having a pet helps reduce medical problems aggravated by stress, including heart disease and high blood pressure. 2 Stress is most likely to rise from conditions in which _. （ A） two persons with different characteris
33、tics work together （ B） a person always recalls past painful experience （ C） a person has just get over a serious physical disease （ D） parents abuse their children too much in early nurturing 3 Immune-regulated diseases are related to stress because such diseases _. （ A） tend to produce a stress-re
34、lated chemical （ B） will affect a persons character severely （ C） will make people weak in body and soul （ D） tend to undermine the response to stress 4 We can consider our children under stress when they _. （ A） are unable to communicate their feelings accurately （ B） have trouble communicating the
35、ir responses to events （ C） often feel abdominal pain without a known reason （ D） have a poor and overcrowded family 5 Stress is likely to strike teenaged girls when they _. （ A） have an aggressive and anti-social mother （ B） fail to build a sound relationship with pals （ C） get into a new school en
36、vironment （ D） fail to pass an important school test 6 Which one is the most serious effect of chronic work stress according to the passage? （ A） Harassment. （ B） Violence. （ C） Heart burden. （ D） Karoushi. 7 The 2-year-long study is presented in the passage mainly to show that stress management pro
37、grams _. （ A） cost little （ B） cost much （ C） benefit the employers （ D） benefit the employees 8 What does the author suggest doing when we cant endure a job? （ A） Changing to a new institute. （ B） Asking senior colleagues for help. （ C） Founding a sound social network. （ D） Focusing more on positiv
38、e outcomes. 9 Caregivers of disabled family members are reported to undergo a mortality rate of _. 10 According to the program in 2002, caregivers were expected to reduce stress by _. 11 Older people who maintain active relationships with their adult children have less stress because they have someo
39、ne to _. Section A Directions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be
40、a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answer. （ A） The professors class is very boring. （ B） The professors class is very interesting. （ C） One cup of coffee is enough for him to keep awake in the class. （ D） He likes to drink tw
41、o cups of coffee before the professors class. （ A） He can go to the gym to have a bath. （ B） He should buy a new pipe from the gyms. （ C） He can go to the gym to consult the experts. （ D） He can turn to the gym to have the water pipe repaired. （ A） She should give up the class. （ B） She has to wait
42、another time for registration. （ C） She can come back for registration a week later. （ D） She can come back to see if there is a chance after the first week. （ A） The library has very few sociology journals. （ B） She cant find any useful journals in the library. （ C） The man should have checked the
43、journals as well. （ D） The journal collection is as extensive as book collection. （ A） There will be much rain in May. （ B） They wont have free time in May. （ C） They have some financial problems. （ D） They cant have everything got ready by then. （ A） She will play basketball. （ B） She will go to se
44、e Lily. （ C） She will go swimming. （ D） She will play volleyball. （ A） It will be sunny. （ B） It will be very cold. （ C） It will be windy. （ D） It will be rainy. （ A） He doesnt want to be judged by the woman. （ B） The audience all seemed to enjoy the concert. （ C） Hes glad that the woman can tell ho
45、w he feels. （ D） More people went to the concert than expected. （ A） Employer and employee. （ B） Interviewer and interviewee. （ C） Teacher and student. （ D） Police officer and driver. （ A） She didnt yield to children crossing the road. （ B） She parked illegally near the school. （ C） She exceeded the
46、 speed limit. （ D） She was drunk-driving. （ A） The woman gets a ticket. （ B） The man arrests the woman. （ C） The woman is taken to court. （ D） The woman ran away. （ A） The best ways to work. （ B） Human resources. （ C） Knowledge management. （ D） Changing the technology. （ A） Achieving much better res
47、ults. （ B） Changing the technology they use. （ C） Making her staff accept knowledge management practices. （ D） Implementing Knowledge Management strategies herself. （ A） They organized online conferences. （ B） They organized staff meetings. （ C） They trained the staff members. （ D） They invested in
48、new technology. （ A） It brings better communication between offices. （ B） It improves the office environment. （ C） It highlights the competitive advantage of the company. （ D） It makes enormous financial profits. Section B Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of ea
49、ch passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. （ A） He didnt go to college. （ B） He benefited a lot from successful personal life. （ C） He was in good health. （ D） He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1945. （ A） He became a courageous soldier. （ B） He became an ambulance driver. （ C） He wrote some books about war. （ D） He worked as a war corresponden
