1、清华大学考博英语模拟试卷 18及答案与解析 一、 Structure and Vocabulary 1 A good deal of the_for his achievement in this field must go to his supervisor, Professor Fang. （ A） credit （ B） reputation （ C） respect （ D） praise 2 As we can no longer wait for the delivery of our order, we have to_it. （ A） postpone （ B） refuse
2、（ C） accept （ D） cancel 3 There is a high job mobility among young people as they will_work one day and find a new job the next. （ A） depart （ B） reject （ C） quit （ D） leave 4 The search for the lost ship must be_because of poor weather. （ A） released （ B） resigned （ C） abandoned （ D） surrendered 5
3、The car one drives may show his/her_or social position. （ A） curiosity （ B） status （ C） importance （ D） reputation 6 _is the question of using existing resources to produce original and beneficial solutions, ideas or products. （ A） Creativity （ B） Productivity （ C） Application （ D） Combination 7 Som
4、etimes artists find it hard for their works to win popular_. （ A） welcome （ B） applause （ C） appetite （ D） appreciation 8 In the_of the project not being a success, the investors stand to lose up to USD 30 million. （ A） face （ B） time （ C） event （ D） course 9 Why are some of us good at math, or writ
5、ing, while others_at art or basketball? （ A） work （ B） gaze （ C） aim （ D） excel 10 The jet quickly_into the sky and soon went out of our view. （ A） ascended （ B） launched （ C） assessed （ D） descended 11 The Great Wall is a great tourist_, drawing millions of visitors from all parts of the world ever
6、y year. （ A） attention （ B） appointment （ C） attraction （ D） interest 12 Disabled people are now able to care for many of their own needs,_educational goals, and maintain jobs. （ A） attempt （ B） pursue （ C） realize （ D） perform 13 Tom could hardly_his excitement as he knew that he had made a real di
7、scovery. （ A） conceal （ B） reveal （ C） show （ D） discover 14 The goals and desires_widely between men and women, between the rich and the poor. （ A） swing （ B） vary （ C） distinguish （ D） transfer 15 The local authorities seemed to_for the accident taking place last week. （ A） share （ B） take （ C） cr
8、iticize （ D） blame 16 The attack of the World Trade Center will leave a_impression on those who have witnessed the explosion. （ A） long （ B） forever （ C） lasting （ D） lively 17 The full_of changes in computer technology will be felt within the next few years. （ A） affect （ B） impact （ C） action （ D）
9、 importance 18 The coming of automation is_to have important social consequences. （ A） like （ B） frightful （ C） bound （ D） compelled 19 It is our_policy that we will achieve unity through peaceful means. （ A） consistent （ B） considerate （ C） certain （ D） decisive 20 The survey showed that_numbers of
10、 15-year-olds had already smoked twenty cigarettes a week. （ A） essential （ B） steady （ C） primary （ D） substantial 21 Chemistry is closely_with other studies: physics, biology and so on. （ A） corresponded （ B） concerned （ C） correlated （ D） cooperated 22 The police_to emergencies in just a few minu
11、tes when the accident happened. （ A） responded （ B） replied （ C） adjusted （ D） appealed 23 The destruction of rainforests has been_as a disaster for the environment. （ A） blamed （ B） declared （ C） condemned （ D） appealed 24 Shy people never_set out to attract attention of other people. （ A） willingl
12、y （ B） voluntarily （ C） decidedly （ D） deliberately 25 Because of a recent obstacle in production, sales have dropped and accordingly profits have_. （ A） declined （ B） increased （ C） broken （ D） maintained 26 There has been an increase in attendance at lectures_ by the World Affairs Council, which b
13、rings international issues to public attention. （ A） developed （ B） sponsored （ C） advanced （ D） promoted 27 It is not too late, but_action is needed. （ A） fight （ B） urgent （ C） hurry （ D） prompt 28 His desire to_other people has caused trouble in his family. （ A） please （ B） dominate （ C） force （
14、D） urge 29 Concerned people want to_the risk of developing cancer. （ A） take （ B） decrease （ C） minimize （ D） claimed 30 The badly wounded soldiers take_for medical treatment over those only slightly hurt. （ A） priority （ B） measures （ C） chance （ D） responsibility 31 It is still not clear what_a se
15、ries of argument between them. （ A） contributed （ B） marked （ C） ignited （ D） triggered 32 In order to survive now and in the future, all the working staff must constantly create new ideas for every aspect of your business. （ A） maximize （ B） thrive （ C） measures （ D） remain 33 Man may destroy the b
16、alance of nature, but from time to time, nature takes a terrible_. （ A） attack （ B） threat （ C） lesson （ D） revenge 34 She_the high unemployment figures as evidence of the failure of the government policy. （ A） cited （ B） recited （ C） listed （ D） lifted 35 Since Japan_importance to education and tec
17、hnological innovation, its economy has developed at a high speed. （ A） relates （ B） applies （ C） attaches （ D） connects 36 This policy gave_to private property and led to differences between the rich and the poor. （ A） life （ B） birth （ C） way （ D） death 37 Humans should not develop their economy at
18、 the_of the ecological environment. （ A） destruction （ B） pollution （ C） expense （ D） mercy 38 We must try to_the best of our moral values for our children and grand-children. （ A） replace （ B） remain （ C） generate （ D） preserve 39 Proper clothes_for much in business. Thats why you see most business
19、 people dress formally. （ A） count （ B） account （ C） allow （ D） Care 40 He was seriously injured in a car accident, which was_to faulty brakes. （ A） attributed （ B） contributed （ C） blamed （ D） applied 二、 Reading Comprehension 40 To understand the marketing concept.it is only necessary to understand
20、 the difference between marketing and selling. Not too many years ago,most industries concentrated primarily on the efficient production of goods,and then relied on “Persuasive salesmanship“to move as much of these goods as possible. Such production and selling focuses on the needs of the seller to
21、produce goods and then convert them into money. Marketing,on the other hand,focuses on the wants of consumers. It begins with first analyzing the preferences and demands of consumers and then producing goods that will satisfy them. This eye-on-the consumer approach is known as the marketing concept,
22、which simply means that instead of trying to sell whatever is easiest to produce or buy for resale,the makers and dealers first try to find out what the consumer wants to buy and then go about making it according to consumer demand. This concept does not imply that consumer satisfaction is given pri
23、ority over profit in a company. There are always two sides to every business activitythe firm and the customer, each must be satisfied before trade occurs. Successful merchants and producer and each must be satisfied before trade occurs. Successful merchants and producers,however, recognize that the
24、 surest route to profit is through understanding customers,this concept has been recognized in such slogans as“Have It Your Way.“And“Youre the Boss. “A good example of the importance of satisfying the consumer presented itself in mid 1985, when Coca Cola changed the flavor of its drink. The non-acce
25、ptance of the new flavor by a significant portion of the public brought about a prompt restoration of the Classic Coke, which was then marketed a-longside the new. King Customer ruled! 41 A good knowledge of the difference between marketing and selling leads to_. （ A） the efficient production of goo
26、ds （ B） a perfect command of salesmanship （ C） a basic command of the marketing concept （ D） the conversion of goods into money 42 Not too long ago, industries focused on_. （ A） producing and selling goods （ B） the needs and wants of customers （ C） the selling of new products （ D） moving goods to th
27、e market 43 The very core of marketing lies in_. （ A） all understanding of consumer needs （ B） the efficient movement of goods （ C） developing new wants for consumer goods （ D） making goods readily available to customers 44 A successful business deal can take place only when_. （ A） the customer is s
28、atisfied at the expense of the company （ B） a company makes a big profit （ C） consumer satisfaction and company profit are given equal importance （ D） priority is given to the requirements of the customer 45 The last sentence of the passage suggests that_. （ A） the consumer should be allowed to do t
29、hings his own way （ B） the consumer should be treated like a king （ C） the consumer should have the final say in the selling of any product （ D） the consumer should be advised on what to buy 45 The biosphere is the name biologists give to the sort of skin on the surface of this planet that is inhabi
30、table by living organisms. Most land creatures occupy only the interface between the atmosphere and the land;birds extend their range for a few hundred feet into the atmosphere;burrowing invertebrates(无 脊椎动物 )such as earthworms may reach a few yards into the soil but rarely penetrate farther unless.
31、it has been recently disturbed by men. Fish cover a wider range,from just beneath the surface of the sea to those depths of greater than a mile inhabited by specialized creatures. Fungi(真菌 )and bacteria are plentiful in the atmosphere to a height of about half a mile,blown there by winds from the lo
32、wer air. Balloon exploration of the stratosphere(同温层 )as long ago as 1936 indicated that moulds and bacteria could be found at heights of several miles,recently the USAs National Aeronautics and Space Administration has detected them,in decreasing numbers,at heights up to eighteen miles. They arc pr
33、etty sparse at such levels, about one for every two thousand cubic feet, compared with 50 to 100 per cubic foot at two to six miles(the usual altitude of jet aircraft),and they are almost certainly in an inactive state. Marine bacteria have been detected at the bottom of the deep Pacific trench,some
34、times as deep as seven miles; they are certainly not inactive. Living microbes have also been obtained on land from cores of rock drilled(while prospecting for oil)at depths of as much as 1,200 feet. Thus we can say, disregarding the exploits of astronauts, that the biosphere has a maximum thickness
35、 of about twenty-five miles. Active living processes occur only within a compass of about seven miles,in the sea, on land and in the lower atmosphere, but the majority of living creatures live within a zone of a hundred feet or so. If this planet were sealed down to the size of an orange,the biosphe
36、re,at its extreme width,would occupy the thickness of the orange-colored skin,excluding the pith. In this tiny zone of our planet takes place the multitude of chemical and biological activities that we call life. The way in which living creatures interact with each other, depend on each other or com
37、pete with each other, has fascinated thinkers since the beginning of recorded history. Living things exist in a fine balance which is often taken for granted, from a practical point of view, things could not be otherwise. Yet it is a source of continual amazement to scientists because of its intrica
38、cy and delicacy. The balance of nature is obvious most often when it is disturbed. Yet even here it can seem remarkable how quickly it readjusts itself to a new balance after a disturbance. The science of ecologythe study of the interaction of organisms with their environmenthas grown up to deal wit
39、h the minutiae of the balance of nature. 46 According to the passage,the“biosphere“is the layer on the earths surface_. （ A） where the atmosphere meets the sea （ B） in which birds, fish and animals would die （ C） in which plant and animal life can exist （ D） in which earthworms and other invertebrat
40、es can live 47 The writer states that fungi and bacteria_. （ A） are only found below the normal altitude of jet planes （ B） have been found well at the normal altitude of jet planes （ C） are not found below the surface of the earth （ D） are mainly found below the surface of the earth 48 The passage
41、says that the biosphere_. （ A） extends only 1,200 feet below the earths surface （ B） is about seven miles in width （ C） is as much as twenty-five miles in thickness （ D） is a zone only about one hundred feet wide 49 According to the text, the balance of nature is_. （ A） something which we should not
42、 take for granted （ B） most frequently apparent when it is upset （ C） only now becoming of interest to scientists （ D） very difficult to preserve 50 The writer says that ecology is primarily concerned with the_. （ A） freer details of the balance of nature （ B） role of organisms in the environment （
43、C） way living creatures compete with each other （ D） way nature readjusts to a new balance 50 As children get older, self-discipline should take the place of imposed discipline. Constrains become internalized and children begin to weigh from within the validity of their promptings(敦促 ). But their te
44、ndency to be self-critical,to develop a code of their own,depends on the extent to which they must have kept critical company. The dialogue within reflects the dialogue without that is why discussion is so important during adolescence. Those in authority over children will,therefore,attempt to get c
45、hildren to do what is sensible by appealing to their common sense instead of ordering them around or appealing to their own status. They will not say,“Im your father arid Im telling you not to smoke,“but will point out the dangers involved. It is a further question,however, whether a childs acceptan
46、ce of good reasons should be the criterion for his action. If a parent explains to a child why it is stupid and wrong to put objects on railway lines,and yet sees him doing so,will he stand aside and reflect that the boy is learning to choose? Parents must weigh their own fundamental principles agai
47、nst what is instructive for their children. Example,of course,is crucial. Parents and others must provide a pattern out of which the child can eventually develop his own style of self-regulation. This is not likely to happen unless exercise of authority is rationalized and sensitively adapted to age
48、,to persons,and to the tasks in hand. For the young will tightly rebel against the irrational expression of a traditional status. In brief, teachers and parents must learn to be in authority without being authoritarian. 51 When children get older,_. （ A） they begin to consider everything carefully w
49、ith their own standard （ B） serf-discipline becomes a conscious or unconscious part of themselves （ C） they tend to rebel against senseless expression of authority （ D） all of the above 52 The sentence “their tendency to be serf-critical.depends on the extent to which they must have kept critical company“could be best interpreted as_. （ A） the outside world can exert great influence on t
