1、1999年考研英语真题试卷及答案与解析 1 Industrial safety does not just happen. Companies 【 B1】 low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them 【 B2】 and active. When the work is well done, a 【 B3】 of accident free operations is established 【 B4】 time lost
2、due to injuries is kept at a minimum. Successful safety programs may 【 B5】 greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program. Some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safe work practices by 【 B6】 rules or regulations. 【 B7】 others depend on an emotional appeal t
3、o the worker. But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maxi mum results are to be obtained. There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financial stand-point alone, safety 【 B8】 . The fewer the injury 【 B9】 , the better the workmans insurance
4、rate. This may mean the difference between operating at 【 B10】 or at a loss. 1 【 B1】 （ A） at （ B） in （ C） on （ D） with 2 【 B2】 （ A） alive （ B） vivid （ C） mobile （ D） diverse 3 【 B3】 （ A） regulation （ B） climate （ C） circumstance （ D） requirement 4 【 B4】 （ A） where （ B） how （ C） what （ D） unless 5 【
5、B5】 （ A） alter （ B） differ （ C） shift （ D） distinguish 6 【 B6】 （ A） constituting （ B） aggravating （ C） observing （ D） justifying 7 【 B7】 （ A） Some （ B） Many （ C） Even （ D） Still 8 【 B8】 （ A） comes off （ B） turns up （ C） pays off （ D） holds up 9 【 B9】 （ A） claims （ B） reports （ C） declarations （ D） p
6、roclamations 10 【 B10】 （ A） an advantage （ B） a benefit （ C） an interest （ D） a profit 11 Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the assertion about economic recovery _ just a round the comer was untrue. （ A） would be （ B） to be （ C） was （ D） being 12 Smoking is so harmful to
7、personal health that it kills _ people each year than automobile accidents. （ A） seven more times （ B） seven times more （ C） over seven times （ D） seven times 13 Its easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes _ place in our over-changing world. （ A）
8、 taking （ B） to take （ C） take （ D） taken 14 This is an exciting area of study, and one _ which new applications are being discovered almost daily. （ A） from （ B） by （ C） in （ D） through 15 _ can be seen from the comparison of these figures, the principle involves the active participation of the pat
9、ient in the modification of his condition. （ A） As （ B） What （ C） That （ D） It 16 Although I had been invited to the opening ceremony, I was unable to attend _ such short notice. （ A） to （ B） in （ C） with （ D） on 17 California has more light than it knows _ to do with but everything else is expensiv
10、e. （ A） how （ B） what （ C） which （ D） where 18 The solution works only for couples who are self-employed, dont have small children and get along _ to spend most of their time together. （ A） so well （ B） too well （ C） well as （ D） well enough 19 Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is no
11、t about _ compliments to his political leaders. （ A） paying （ B） having paid （ C） to pay （ D） to have paid 20 These proposals sought to place greater restrictions on the use and copying of digital information than _ in traditional media. （ A） exist （ B） exists （ C） existing （ D） to exist 21 An impor
12、tant property of a scientific theory is its ability to _ further research and further thinking about a particular topic. （ A） stimulate （ B） renovate （ C） arouse （ D） advocate 22 Although architecture has artistic qualities, it must also satisfy a number of important practical _. （ A） obligations （
13、B） regulations （ C） observations （ D） considerations 23 Life insurance is financial protection for dependents against loss _ the bread-winners death. （ A） at the cost of （ B） on the verge of （ C） as a result of （ D） for the sake of 24 In education there should be a good _ among the branches of knowl
14、edge that contribute to effective thinking and wise judgment. （ A） distribution （ B） balance （ C） combination （ D） assignment 25 The American dream is most _ during the periods of productivity and wealth generated by American capitalism. （ A） plausible （ B） patriotic （ C） primitive （ D） partial 26 P
15、overty is not _ in most cities although, perhaps because of the crowded conditions in certain areas, it is more visible there. （ A） rare （ B） temporary （ C） prevalent （ D） segmental 27 People who rye in small towns often seem more friendly than those living in _ populated areas. （ A） densely （ B） in
16、tensely （ C） abundantly （ D） highly 28 As a way of _ the mails while they were away, the Johnsons asked the cleaning lady to send little printed slips asking the senders to write again later. （ A） picking up （ B） coping with （ C） passing out （ D） getting across 29 Toms mother tried hard to persuade
17、him to _ from his intention to invest his savings in stock market. （ A） pull out （ B） give up （ C） draw in （ D） back down 30 An increasing proportion of our population, unable to live without advanced medical _, will become progressively more reliant on expensive technology. （ A） interference （ B） i
18、nterruption （ C） intervention （ D） interaction 31 These causes produced the great change in the country that modernized the _ of higher education from the mid-1860s to the mid-1880s. （ A） branch （ B） category （ C） domain （ D） scope 32 Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously the _ in the financia
19、l system will drag down the economy. （ A） shallowness （ B） shakiness （ C） scantiness （ D） stiffness 33 Crisis would be the right term to describe the _ in many animal species. （ A） minimization （ B） restriction （ C） descent （ D） decline 34 The city is an important railroad _ and industrial and conve
20、ntion center. （ A） conjunction （ B） network （ C） junction （ D） link 35 Prof. White, my respected tutor, frequently reminds me to _ myself of every chance to improve my English. （ A） assure （ B） inform （ C） avail （ D） notify 36 Researchers discovered that plants infected with a virus give off a gas t
21、hat _ disease resistance in neighboring plants. （ A） contracts （ B） activates （ C） maintains （ D） prescribe 37 Corporations and labor unions have _ great benefits upon their employees and members as well as upon the general public. （ A） conferred （ B） granted （ C） flung （ D） submitted 38 The movemen
22、t of the moon conveniently provided the unit of month, which was _ from one new moon to the next. （ A） measured （ B） reckoned （ C） judged （ D） assessed 39 The judge ruled that the evidence was inadmissible on the grounds that it was _ to the issue at hand. （ A） irrational （ B） unreasonable （ C） inva
23、lid （ D） irrelevant 40 Fuel scarcities and price increases _ automobile designers to scale down the largest models and to develop completely new lines of small cars and trucks. （ A） persuaded （ B） prompted （ C） imposed （ D） enlightened 41 Your math instructor (would have been) happy to give you a ma
24、keup examination (had you gone) and (explained) that your parents (had been) ill at the time. （ A） would have been （ B） had you gone （ C） explained （ D） had been 42 As the children become (financially) independent (of) the family, the emphasis (on) family financial security will shift from protectio
25、n (to save) for the retirement years. （ A） financially （ B） of （ C） on （ D） to save 43 (Were) the Times Co. to purchase another major media company, there is no doubt that it (could) dramatically transform (a family-ran) enterprise that still gets 90% of (its) revenues from newspapers. （ A） Were （ B
26、） could （ C） a family-ran （ D） its 44 Symposium talks will cover (a wide range) of subjects (from) overfishing to physical and (environment) factors that affect the (populations) of different species. （ A） a wide range （ B） from （ C） environment （ D） populations 45 Conversation calls for (a) willing
27、ness to alternate the role of speaker with (one) of (listener), and it calls for occasional digestive pauses (by) both. （ A） a （ B） one （ C） listener （ D） by 46 If two theories are equal (to) their ability to account (for) a body of data, the theory that (does so) with the smaller number of assumpti
28、ons is (to be preferred). （ A） to （ B） for （ C） does so （ D） to be preferred 47 The Committee adopted a resolution (requiring) the seven automakers (selling) the most cars in the state (making) 2 percent of those vehicles (emissions-free) by 1998. （ A） requiring （ B） selling （ C） making （ D） emissio
29、ns-free 48 (As long as) poor people, who in general axe colored, are in (conflict with) richer people who in general are (lighter) (skin), theres going to be a constant racial conflict in the world. （ A） As long as （ B） conflict with （ C） lighter （ D） skin 49 All those (left undone) may sound (great
30、ly) in theory, but even the (truest believer) has great difficulty (when) it comes to specifics. （ A） left undone （ B） greatly （ C） truest believer （ D） when 50 (Even if) automakers modify commercially produced cars to run (on) alternative (fuels), the cars wont catch on in a big way (when) drivers
31、can fill them up at the gas station. （ A） Even if （ B） on （ C） fuels （ D） when Part C Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 51 (T1)While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practi
32、ce most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence found is always inc
33、omplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the historians craft is that its practitioner always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process. (T2)Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of h
34、istory as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to a
35、n understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world, (T3)During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designe
36、d to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study. Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession, (T4)There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriat
37、e to the various branches of historical inquiry. Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of “tunnel method“, frequently fall victim to the “technicist fallacy“, Also common in the natural sciences, the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies t
38、he discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation. (T5)It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques. 51 【 T1】 52 【 T2
39、】 53 【 T3】 54 【 T4】 55 【 T5】 56 Its a rough world out there, Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your t
40、roubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers misfortunes. Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident, Today, stepladders carry labels se
41、veral inches long that warn, among other things, that you might surprise! fall off. The label on a childs Batman cape cautions that the toy “does not enable user to fly“. While warnings are often appropriate and necessary the dangers of drug interactions, for example and many are required by state o
42、r federal regulations, it isnt clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court. Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, s
43、ome courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldnt have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Sch
44、utt helmet, “Were really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets arent designed to prevent those kinds of injuries“, says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athletes injury. At the same time, the American Law Institute a group of judges, l
45、awyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. “Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities, “says a law
46、professor at Cornell Law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability. 56 What were things like in 1980s when accid
47、ents happened? （ A） Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits. （ B） Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system. （ C） Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings, （ D） Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised 57 Ma
48、nufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to _. （ A） satisfy customers by writing long warnings on products （ B） become honest in describing the inadequacies of their products （ C） make the best use of labels to avoid legal liability （ D） feel obliged to view customers safety as their first conce
49、rn 58 The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that _. （ A） some injury claims were no longer supported by law （ B） helmets were net designed to prevent injuries （ C） product labels would eventually be discarded （ D） some sports games might lose popularity with athletes 59 The authors attitude towards the issue seems to be _. （ A） biased （ B） indifferent （ C） puzzling （ D） objective 60 In the first yea
