1、2003年 MBA（英语）真题试卷及答案与解析 一、 Section II Cloze Directions: Read the following passage. For each numbered blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. choices the best one and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. 0 Each year, hundreds of thousands of people die from heart attack, a leading cause o
2、f death. In the Landmark Physicians Health Study at Harvard University in the United States in the late 1980s, a research team led by Dr. Hennekens studied 22, 701 healthy male physicians, half of whom were randomly【 1】 to take an aspirin every other day while the others took placebos(安慰剂 ). After t
3、he participants had been【 2】 for an average of five years, the doctors in the aspirin group were found to have suffered 44 percent fewer first heart attacks.【 3】 , a recent international study indicates that aspirin can be beneficial for those people with a history of coronary artery(冠动脉 ) bypass su
4、rgery,【 4】 of their sex, age or whether they have high blood pressure or diabetes. According to a report by the American Heart Association, doctors should consider prescribing【 5】 aspirin for middle-aged people with a family history of, or【 6】 for, heart disease. (Risk factors include smoking, being
5、 more than 20 percent overweight, high blood pressure and lack of exercise. ) Aspirin is also a lifesaver during heart attacks. Paramedics now give it routinely, and experts urge anyone with chest pain,【 7】 if it spreads to the neck, shoulder or an arm, or is accompanied by sweating, nausea (恶心 ), l
6、ightheadedness and breathing difficulty to chew and【 8】 an aspirin tablet immediately. When taking aspirin for heart attack,【 9】 the plain, uncoated variety. For even faster absorption, crush and mix with a little water. Speed of absorption is critical because most heart attack deaths occur【 10】 the
7、 first few hours after chest pain strikes. （ A） expected （ B） demanded （ C） assigned （ D） advised （ A） followed （ B） examined （ C） monitored （ D） experienced （ A） Meanwhile （ B） Above all （ C） However （ D） In addition （ A） in spite （ B） regardless （ C） careless （ D） whatever （ A） low-dose （ B） high-
8、amount （ C） more （ D） right （ A） ready （ B） at risk （ C） maybe （ D） in danger （ A） naturally （ B） apparently （ C） especially （ D） furthermore （ A） eat （ B） swallow （ C） digest （ D） assimilate （ A） choose （ B） use （ C） hold out （ D） pick out （ A） for （ B） along （ C） within （ D） except 二、 Section III
9、Reading Comprehension Directions: Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. 10 A little more than a century ago, Michael Faraday, the noted British physicist, managed to gain audience with a group of high
10、government officials, to demonstrate an electro-chemical principle, in the hope of gaining support for his work. After observing the demonstrations closely, one of the officials remarked bluntly, “Its a fascinating demonstration, young man, but just what practical application will come of this?“ “I
11、dont know,“ replied Faraday, “but I do know that 100 years from now youll be taxing them. “ From the demonstration of a principle to the marketing of products derived from that principle is often a long, involved series of steps. The speed and effectiveness with which these steps are taken are close
12、ly related to the history of management, the art of getting things done. Just as management applies to the wonders that have evolved from Faraday and other inventors, so it applied some 4, 000 years ago to the workings of the great Egyptian and Mesopotamian import and export firms . to Hannibals rem
13、arkable feat of crossing the Alps in 218 B C with 90, 000 foot soldiers, 12, 000 horsemen and a “conveyor belt“ of 40 elephants . or to the early Christian Church, with its world-shaking concepts of individual freedom and equality. These ancient innovators were deeply involved in the problems of aut
14、hority, division of labor, discipline, unity of command, clarity of direction and the other basic factors that are so meaningful to management today. But the real impetus to management as an emerging profession was the Industrial Revolution. Originating in 18-century England, it was triggered by a s
15、eries of classic inventions and new processes, among them John Kays Flying Shuttle in 1733, James Hargreaves Spinning Jenny in 1770, Samuel Cromptons Mule Spinner in 1779 and Edmund Cartwrights Power Loom in 1785 11 The anecdote about Michael Faraday indicates that_. （ A） politicians tax everything
16、（ B） people are skeptical about the values of pure research （ C） government should support scientists （ D） he was rejected by his government 12 Management is defined as_. （ A） the creator of the Industrial Revolution （ B） supervising subordinates （ C） the art of getting things done （ D） an emerging
17、profession 13 Management came into its own_. （ A） in the Egyptian and Mesopotamian import and export firms （ B） in Hannibals famous trip across the Alps （ C） in the development of early Christian Church （ D） in the eighteenth century 14 A problem of management NOT mentioned in this passage is_. （ A）
18、 the problem of command （ B） division of labor （ C） control by authority （ D） competition 14 By education, I mean the influence of the environment upon the individual to produce a permanent change in the habits of behavior, of thought and of attitude. It is in being thus susceptible(容易受影响的 ) to the
19、environment that man differs from the animals, and the higher animals from the lower. The lower animals are influenced by the environment but not in the direction of changing their habits. Their instinctive responses are few and fixed by heredity (遗传；继承 ). When transferred to an unnatural situation,
20、 such an animal is led astray by its instincts. Thus the “ ant-lion“ whose instinct implies it to bore into loose sand by pushing backwards with abdomen (腹 部 ), goes backwards on a plate of glass as soon as danger threatens, and endeavors, with the utmost exertions to bore into it. It knows no other
21、 mode of flight, “or if such a lonely animal is engaged upon a chain of actions and is interrupted, it either goes on vainly with the remaining actions (as useless as cultivating an unsown field) or dies in helpless inactivity“. Thus a net-making spider which digs a burrow and rims it with a bastion
22、 (堡垒 ) of gravel and bits of wood, when removed from a half finished home, will not begin again, though it will continue another burrow, even one made with a pencil. Advance in the scale of evolution along such lines as these could only be made by the emergence of creatures with more and more compli
23、cated instincts. Such beings we know in the ants and spiders. But another line of advance was destined to open out a much more far-reaching possibility of which we do not see the end perhaps even in man. Habits, instead of being born ready-made (when they are called instincts and not habits at all)
24、were left more and more to the formative influence of the environment, of which the most important factor was the parent who now cared for the young animal during a period of infancy in which vaguer instincts than those of the insects were molded to suit surroundings which might be considerably chan
25、ged without harm. This means, one might at first imagine, that gradually heredity becomes less and environment more important. But this is hardly the truth and certainly not the whole truth. For although fixed automatic responses like those of the insect-like creatures are no longer inherited, altho
26、ugh selection for purification of that sort is no longer going on, yet selection for educability is very definitely still of importance. The ability to acquire habits can be conceivably inherited just as much as can definite responses to narrow situations. Besides, since a mechanism-is now, for the
27、first time, created by which the individual (in contradiction to the species) can be fitted to the environment, the latter becomes, in another sense, less not more important. And finally, less not the higher animals who possess the power of changing their environment by engineering feats and the lik
28、e, a power possessed to some extent even by the beaver (海狸 ), and preeminently(卓越地 ) by man. Environment and heredity are in no case exclusive but always supplementary factors. 15 Which of the following is the most suitable title for the passage? （ A） The Evolution of Insects. （ B） Environment and H
29、eredity. （ C） Education: The Influence of the Environment. （ D） The Instincts of Animals. 16 What can be inferred from the example of the ant-lion in the first paragraph? （ A） Instincts of animals can lead to unreasonable reactions in strange situations. （ B） When it is engaged in a chain actions it
30、 cannot be interrupted. （ C） Environment and heredity are two supplementary factors in the evolution of insects. （ D） Along the lines of evolution heredity becomes less and environment more important. 17 Based on the example provided in the passage, we can tell that when a spider is removed to a new
31、 position where half of a net has been made, it will probably_. （ A） begin a completely new net （ B） destroy the half-net （ C） spin the rest of the net （ D） stay away from the net 18 Which of the following is true about habits according to the passage? （ A） They are natural endowments to living crea
32、tures. （ B） They are more important than instincts to all animals. （ C） They are subject to the formative influence of the environment. （ D） They are destined to open out a much more far-reaching possibility in the evolution of human beings. 18 One of the saddest things about the period in which we
33、live is the growing estrangement(疏远 ) between America and Europe. This may be a surprising discovery to those who are over impressed by the speed with which turbojets can hop from New York to Paris. But to anyone who is aware of what America once meant to English libertarian poets and philosophers,
34、to the young Ibsen bitterly excoriating (痛斥 ) European royalty for the murder of Lincoln, to Italian novelists and poets translating the nineteenth century American classics as a demonstration against Fascism, there is something particularly disquieting in the way that the European Left, historicall
35、y “ pro-American“ because it identified America with expansive democracy, now punishes America with Europes lack of hope in the future. Although America has obviously not fulfilled the visionary hope entertained for it in the romantic heyday, Americans have, until recently, thought of themselves as
36、an idea, a “proposition“ (in Lincolns word) set up for the enlightenment and the improvement of mankind. Officially, we live by our original principles; we insist on this boastfully and even inhumanly. And it is precisely this steadfastness to principle that irks(使苦恼，使厌烦 ) Europeans who under so man
37、y pressures have had to shift and to change, to compromise and to retreat. Historically, the obstinacy of Americas faith in “principles“ has been staggering-the sacrament(神圣 ) of the Constitution, the legacy of the Founding Fathers, the moral rightness of all our policies, the invincibility of our f
38、aith in the equality and perfectibility of man. From the European point of view, there is something impossibly romantic, visionary, and finally outrageous about an attachment to political formulas that arose even before a European revolutionary democracy was born of the French Revolution, and that h
39、ave survived all the socialist utopias and internationals. Americans honestly insist on the equality of men even when they deny this equality in practice; they hold fast to romantic doctrines of perfectibility even when such doctrines contradict their actual or their formal faith whether it be as sc
40、ientists or as orthodox Christians. It is a fact that while Americans as a people are notoriously empirical, pragmatic, and unintellectual, they live their lives against a background of unalterable national shibboleths (陈旧的语句 ). The same abundance of theory that allowed Walt Whitman to fill out his
41、poetry with philosophical road signs of American optimism allows a president to make pious references to God. As an American tradition-references which, despite their somewhat mechanical quality, are not only sincere but which, to most Americans, express the reality of America. 19 The writer uses th
42、e example of Ibsen and others to maintain that_. （ A） Europeans do not have the proper appreciation of the United States （ B） Europeans have made a notable shift in attitude toward the United States （ C） American culture has been rediscovered by Europeans （ D） Europeans no longer feel that there sho
43、uld be an exchange of ideas with Americans 20 The writer states that, until recently, Americans thought of their country as a_. （ A） source of enlightenment （ B） leader in technological progress （ C） recipient of a European heritage （ D） peacemaker 21 The author states that American democracy in pra
44、ctice sometimes is in conflict with _. （ A） theoretical notions of equality （ B） other political systems （ C） Europes best interests （ D） both A and B 22 Which of the following was NOT mentioned by the author as an American principle? （ A） Equality of man. （ B） Moral rightness as American policy dec
45、isions. （ C） Mans capacity to become perfect. （ D） The inviolability(不可侵犯 ) of the individuals integrity. 22 The truly incompetent may never know the depths of their own incompetence, a pair of social psychologists said on Thursday. “We found again and again that people who perform poorly relative t
46、o their peers(同等人 ) tended to think that they did rather well,“ Justin Kruger, co-author of a study on the subject, said in a telephone interview. Kruger and co-author David Dunning found that when it came to a variety of skills-logical reasoning, grammar, even sense of humor-people who essentially
47、were inept (无能的；愚蠢的 ) never realized it, while those who had some ability were self-critical. It had little to do with innate modesty, Kruger said, but rather with a central paradox: Incompetents lack the basic skills to evaluate their performance realistically. Once they get those skills, they know
48、 where they stand, even if that is at the bottom. Americans and Western Europeans especially had an unrealistically sunny assessment of their own capabilities, Dunning said by telephone in a separate interview, while Japanese and Koreans tended to give a reasonable assessment of their performance. I
49、n certain areas, such as athletic performance, which can be easily quantified, there is less self-delusion (欺骗 ), the researchers said. But even in some cases in which the failure should seem obvious, the perpetrator is blithely(愉快地；快活地 ) unaware of the problem. This was especially true in the area of logical reasoning, where research subjects + students at Cornell University, where the two researchers were based + often rated themselves highly even when they flubbed(搞得一团糟 ) all questions in a reasoning tes
