1、2004年考研英语真题试卷及答案与解析 一、 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 1 Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or o
2、n society as the major contributing influence. Theories【 B1】 on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior【 B2】 they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learn ed criminal behavior through【 B3】 with others. Theories focusing on the role of soc
3、iety suggest that children commit crimes in【 B4】 to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status【 B5】 as a rejection of middle-class values. Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families,【 B6】 the fact that children from wealthy homes also commi
4、t crimes. The latter may commit crimes【 B7】 lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are【 B8】 to criticism. Changes in the social structure may indirectly【 B9】 juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that【 B10】 to fewer job opportunities for youth
5、 and rising unemployment【 B11】 make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in【 B12】 lead more youths into criminal behavior. Families have also【 B13】 changes these years. More families consist of one parent households or two working parents;【 B14】 , childre
6、n are likely to have less supervision at home【 B15】 was common in the traditional family【 B16】 . This la when you get E-mail, consider it a reminder to check the database again. “I would not rely on agents for finding everything that is added to a database that might interest me“, says the author of
7、 a job-searching guide. Some sites design their agents to tempt job hunters to return. When CareerSites agent sends out messages to those who have signed up for its service, for example, it includes only three potential jobs those it considers the best matches. There may be more matches in the datab
8、ase; job hunters will have to visit the site again to find them and they do. “On the day after we send our messages, we see a sharp increase in our traffic“, says Seth Peets, vice president of marketing for CareerSite. Even those who arent hunting for jobs may find search agents worthwhile. Some use
9、 them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather information on compensation to arm themselves when negotiating for a raise. Al though happily employed, Redmon maintains his agent at CareerBuilder. “You always keep your eyes open“, he says. Working with a personal search ag
10、ent means having another set of eyes looking out for you. 21 How did Redmon find his job? （ A） By searching openings in a job database. （ B） By posting a matching position in a database. （ C） By using a special service of a database. （ D） By E-mailing his resume to a database. 22 Which of the follow
11、ing can be a disadvantage of search agents? （ A） Lack of counseling. （ B） Limited number of visits. （ C） Lower efficiency. （ D） Lower successful matches. 23 The expression “tip service“ (Line 3, Paragraph 3) most probably means _. （ A） advisory （ B） compensation （ C） interaction （ D） reminder 24 Why
12、 does CareerSites agent offer each job hunter only three job options? （ A） To focus on better job matches. （ B） To attract more returning visits. （ C） To reserve space for more messages. （ D） To increase the rate of success. 25 Which of the following is true according to the text? （ A） Personal sear
13、ch agents are indispensable to job-hunters. （ B） Some sites keep E-mailing job seekers to trace their demands. （ C） Personal search agents are also helpful to those already employed. （ D） Some agents stop sending information to people once they are employed. 26 Over the past century, all kinds of un
14、fairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal. But one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet. It has long be
15、en known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zoe Zysman. English names are fairly evenly spread between the halves of the alphabet. Yet a suspic
16、iously large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A and K. Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bushs predecessors (including his father) had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against j
17、ust 16 in the second half. Even more striking, six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged (Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chretien and Koizumi). The worlds three top central bankers (Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami) are all close to the top of the
18、alphabet, even if one of them really uses Japanese characters. As are the worlds five richest men (Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison and Albrecht). Can this merely be coincidence? One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early. At
19、the start of the first year in infant school, teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front, to make it easier to remember their names. So short-sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row, and is rarely asked the improving questions posed by those insensitive teachers. At the time the alp
20、habetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape. Yet the result may be worse qualifications, because they get less individual attention, as well as less confidence in speaking publicly. The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards
21、 first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them. 26 What does t
22、he author intend to illustrate with AAAA cars and Zodiac cars? （ A） A kind of overlooked inequality. （ B） A type of conspicuous bias. （ C） A type of personal prejudice. （ D） A kind of brand discrimination. 27 What can we infer from the first three paragraphs? （ A） In both East and West, names are es
23、sential to success. （ B） The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zoe Zysman. （ C） Customers often pay a lot of attention to companies names. （ D） Some form of discrimination is too subtle to recognize. 28 The fourth paragraph suggests that _. （ A） questions are often put to the more intelligent
24、students （ B） alphabetically disadvantaged students often escape from class （ C） teachers should pay attention to all of their students （ D） students should be seated according to their eyesight 29 What does the author mean by “most people are literally having a ZZZ“ (Line 2, Paragraph 5)? （ A） They
25、 are getting impatient. （ B） They are noisily dozing off. （ C） They are feeling humiliated. （ D） They are busy with word puzzles. 30 Which of the following is true according to the text? （ A） People with surnames beginning with N to Z are often ill-treated. （ B） VIPs in the Western world gain a grea
26、t deal from alphabetism. （ C） The campaign to eliminate alphabetism still has a long way to go. （ D） Putting things alphabetically may lead to unintentional bias. 31 When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isnt biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isnt cutting, filling
27、 or polishing as many nails as shed like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. “Im a good economic indicator“, she says. “I provide a service that people can do without when they
28、re concerned about saving some dollars“. So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillards department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. “I dont know ff other clients are going to abandon me, too“, she says. Even before Alan Greenspans admission that Americas r
29、ed-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had al ready seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Ch
30、ristmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last years pace. But dont sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only concerned, not panicked, and many say they re main optimistic about the economys long-term prospects, even a
31、s they do some modest belt-tightening. Consumers say theyre not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices are holding steady in most regions. In Manhattan, “theres a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range, predo
32、minantly fed by Wall Street bonuses“, says broker Barbara Corcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets. “Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three“, says John Deadly, a Bay Area real-estate broker. And most folks still feel pretty comf
33、ortable about their ability to find and keep a job. Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown. Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates. Employers wouldnt mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings, which i
34、nvestors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. Diners might see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhattans hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant need to be impossible. Not anymore. For that, Greenspan when you get E-mail， consider it a reminder to check the database again“可知答案。 23 【正
35、确答案】 D 【试题解析】 本题为词意推测题。题目问第三自然段第 3行的 “tip service“是什么意思。根据上下文对比关系： “Theres no carrer counseling implicit in all of his. Instead, the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database； when you get E-mail， consider it a reminder to check the d
36、atabase again“可推测出答案。 24 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 本题考察篇章发展技巧的掌握：例证法。题目问为什么求职网站一般只提供三次机会。根据文中的句子 “Some sites design their agents to tempt job hunters to return. When CareerSites agent sends out messages to those who have signed up for its service， for example， it includes only three potential jobs those it co
37、nsiders the best matches“，以及上下文之间的例证关系可推出正确答案。 25 【正确答案】 C 【 试题解析】 本题为推理题。题目问根据短文哪一种说法正确。根据文章中的句子 “Even those who arent hunting for jobs may find search agents worthwhile“强调对比：既使那些不再找工作的人，也觉得它是 “有帮助的 “；正确答案就是已经找到工作的人，他们发现求职代理的功能是非常有用的。 26 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 本题为理解题，考察篇章技巧。题目问作者打算用 AAAA汽车公司和 Zodiac汽车公司来说
38、明什么。根据本文主题以及短文中句子 “It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zoe Zysman“，可知作者是用它们来举例说明一种未被注意到的歧视现象的。 27 【正确答案】 D 【试题解析】 本题为推理题。
39、题目问的是我们能从前三段推测出什么。其他三个选项分别是前面三段当中的某一段而不是整个三段的总结，而答案选项比其他三个选项都大。稍加归纳概括即可得出答案选项正确。 28 【正确答案】 C 【试题解析】 本题为理解题。题目问第 4段暗示了什么。第四段是举了一个例子，老师安排小孩座位的时候，哪个小孩的名字是以 A开头的，坐在最前面，以Z开头的是坐在最后面，这也是一种不公平的现象，显然这是不对的。 29 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 本题为推理题，考察对四方文化的了解。题目问的是作者的话“most people are literally having a ZZZ“是什么意思。本题涉及第五段，说的是
40、大学毕业时领奖或者毕业证， A、 B、 C开头的先领了，到最后时，比如说以 Z开头的最后领，大部分的人都已经瞌睡了。这就涉及到一个文化的问题，就是如果同学们经常用电脑，看到休眠的时候有一个狮子，狮子发出 “ZZZZZ“，联想到这一点本题也能答对。 30 【正确答案】 D 【试题解析】 本题为归纳理解题。题目问的是根据短文哪一种说法对。这是一个总结题，要看主题句。根据文章主题不难选出正确答案。 31 【正确答案】 D 【试题解析】 本题为理解题。题目问的是作者的话 “Ellen Spero isnt biting her nails just yet“是什么意思。本文主题讲的就是美国的经济遇到一
41、些困难，但是公众对经济还是乐观的态度和信心。根据第一段最后一句话，可知她还可以购物。 32 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 本题为理解题。题目问的是公众对当前经济形式怎么看。根据上下文，尤其是第二段最后一句话中指出许多人还是 “remain optimistic about the economy“。 33 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 本题为理解题。题目问的是作者说 “the $4 million to $10 mil lion range“是什么意思。对照原句 “In Manhattan， theres a new gold rush happening in the $4 millio
42、n to $10 million range， predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses，says broker Barbara Corcoran“，引言处就是答案。 34 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 本题为理解题，要求熟悉文章的篇章发展技巧。题目问的是为什么许多人认为下滑的经济仍有希望 (silver linings意思就是 “一线希望 “)。本题同样要结合上下文，要了解短语 silver linings意思是 “一线希望 “，特别是要熟悉例证或列举之类篇章发展的技巧，因 为第四段采用的就是这种技巧。读懂该段内容后很容易选出正确答案。 35 【正确
43、答案】 C 【试题解析】 本题为理解题，考察通过字里行间对作者观点和态度的领会。题目问的是作者最有可能同意下列哪一种说法。这是一个有关作者写作观点、写作态度的问题。浏览全篇，答案选项较为符合题意。 36 【正确答案】 C 【试题解析】 本题为理解题。题目问的是美国的父母们希望他们的孩子在学校里学什么。根据文章第一段，尤其是句子 “Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge“，可知父母希望
44、孩子获得实用的知识。 37 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 本题为理解题。题目问的是根据短文来看美国有着一种什么样的历史。根据短文中第二段 “Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual， says education writer Diane Ravitch“，可看出美国社会注重实用而轻文化素养。 38 【正确答案】 D 【试题解析】 本题为理解题。题目问的是 Ravitch和 Emerson两人关于学校教育的观点如何。看第二段 Ravitch的引言和第五段
45、Emerson的引言，显然两人关于学校教育的观点是相反的。 39 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 本题为推理题。题目问的是根据短文 Emerson可能是一个什么样的人。在文中第五段，他认为学校教育束缚孩子的天性。 40 【 正确答案】 C 【试题解析】 本题为综合理解题，考查对短文主题的理解。题目问的是作者对文化素养怎么看。综合全文，结合文章主题，不难捕捉到作者言语之中还是重视文化素养的，这也是本文的目的之处。 Part C Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segme
46、nts into Chinese. (10 points) 41 【正确答案】 希腊人认为，语言结构与思维过程之间存在 着某种联系。这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根。 【试题解析】 成份转换，拆分，词类转换法。将 assume译为 “假设 “不符合汉语习惯，应意译为 “认为 “。 have connection with应为 “与 有联系、关联 “。 Which引导的非限制性定语从句是翻译的难点， which指代的是前面整句话，因此应译作“这一观点 “。 diverse应理解为 “不同的 “，意译为 “语言的千差万别 “。 take root意为 “扎根 “。 4
47、2 【正确答案】 我们之所以感激他们 (两位先驱 )。是因为在此 之后，这些 (土著 )语言中有一些已经不复存在了。这是由于说这些语言的部族或是消亡了，或是被同化而丧失了自己的本族语言。 【试题解析】 拆分，成份转换，词类转换法，增词。 be obliged to意为 “对 感激 “， have since vanished意为 “从那以后消失了，不复存在了 “， since表示的 “从此以后 “之意应体现出来。 die out“消失 “之意，译作 “死亡 “不妥。 43 【正确答案】 这些新近被描述的语言与已经得到充分研究的欧洲和东南亚地区的语言往往差别显著，以至于有些学者甚至指责 Boas
48、和 Spir编造了材料。 【试题解析】 拆分，成份转换，词类转换法。 strikingly修饰 different，指差别很明显， so.that“如此 以致 “的固定搭配也是得分要点， newly described和 well studied均为过去分词短语作定语修饰 languages，分别译作 “新近被描述的 “和 “得到充分研究的 “； accuse of表示 “指责 “，译作 “控告 “不得分。 44 【正确答案】 Whorf对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣，逐渐形成了这样的观点：在一个社会中，语言的结构决定习惯思维的结 构。 【试题解析】 增词，拆分，成份转换，词类转换法。 being
49、 interested in.为现在分词短语，应译作一个句子，即 “Whorf对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣 “。 develop与 idea搭配表 “形成观点 “， develop译作 “发展 “不合汉语习惯。 habitual thought应译作 “习惯思维 “，若译作 “思考、思想 “均不搭配。 45 【正确答案】 Whorf进而相信某种类似语言决定论的观点，其极端说法是：语言禁锢思维，语言的语法结构能对一个社会的文化产生深远的影响。 【试题解析】 拆分，成份转换，词类转换法，增词。 come to do sth.表示了过程的转化，因此应译出 “进而 “之意， a sort of表示 “某种 “，译作 “类似于 的 (观点 )“， in its strongest form表示 “在其最强烈的形式下 “，按汉语习惯译作 “其极端说法是 “ 。 imprison不能译作 “把 关在监狱中，囚禁 “，应意译为 “禁锢 “， far-reaching应译作 “深远的 “， “伸得很远的 “为错误译法。
