1、2008年考研英语真题试卷及答案与解析 一、 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 1 The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. B
2、ut Gregory Cochran is 【 B1】 to say it anyway. He is that 【 B2】 bird, a scientist who works independently 【 B3】 any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not 【 B4】 thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first sugg
3、ested. 【 B5】 he, however, might tremble at the 【 B6】 of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only 【 B7】 that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in 【 B8】
4、 are a particular people originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection. This group generally do well in IQ test, 【 B9】 12-15 points above the 【 B10】 value of 100, and have contributed 【 B11】 to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the 【 B12】 of their elites, includin
5、g several world-renowned scientists, 【 B13】 . They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, 【 B14】 , have previously been thought unrelated. The former has been 【 B15】 to social effects, such as a strong tradition of 【 B16】
6、education. The latter was seen as a (an) 【 B17】 of genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately 【 B18】 . His argument is that the unusual history of these people has 【 B19】 them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this 【 B20】 state of a
7、ffairs. 1 【 B1】 （ A） selected （ B） prepared （ C） obliged （ D） pleased 2 【 B2】 （ A） unique （ B） particular （ C） special （ D） rare 3 【 B3】 （ A） of （ B） with （ C） in （ D） against 4 【 B4】 （ A） subsequently （ B） presently （ C） previously （ D） lately 5 【 B5】 （ A） Only （ B） So （ C） Even （ D） Hence 6 【 B6】
8、（ A） thought （ B） sight （ C） cost （ D） risk 7 【 B7】 （ A） advises （ B） suggests （ C） protests （ D） objects 8 【 B8】 （ A） progress （ B） fact （ C） need （ D） question 9 【 B9】 （ A） attaining （ B） scoring （ C） reaching （ D） calculating 10 【 B10】 （ A） normal （ B） common （ C） mean （ D） total 11 【 B11】 （ A） u
9、nconsciously （ B） disproportionately （ C） indefinitely （ D） unaccountably 12 【 B12】 （ A） missions （ B） fortunes （ C） interests （ D） careers 13 【 B13】 （ A） affirm （ B） witness （ C） observe （ D） approve 14 【 B14】 （ A） moreover （ B） therefore （ C） however （ D） meanwhile 15 【 B15】 （ A） given up （ B） got
10、 over （ C） carried on （ D） put down 16 【 B16】 （ A） assessing （ B） supervising （ C） administering （ D） valuing 17 【 B17】 （ A） development （ B） origin （ C） consequence （ D） instrument 18 【 B18】 （ A） linked （ B） integrated （ C） woven （ D） combined 19 【 B19】 （ A） limited. （ B） subjected （ C） converted （
11、 D） directed 20 【 B20】 （ A） paradoxical （ B） incompatible （ C） inevitable （ D） continuous Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points) 21 While still catching up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be
12、way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,“ according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New Yorks Veterans Administration Hospital. Studies of both animals and humans hav
13、e shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chem
14、ical responses became equal to those of the males. Adding to a womans increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities“ for stress. “Its not necessarily that women dont cope as well. Its just that they have so much more to cope with,“ says Dr. Yehuda. “Their capacity for tolerati
15、ng stress may even be greater than mens,“ she observes,“ its just that theyre dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.“ Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in
16、more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed lo more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and the
17、y tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.“ Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that
18、 that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.“ Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. “Its the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck.“ Not everyone experienc
19、es the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarezs experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to functio
20、n. 21 Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs? （ A） Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress. （ B） Women are still suffering much stress caused by men. （ C） Woman are more experienced than men in coping with stress. （ D） Men and women show different inclinations
21、when faced with stress. 22 Dr. Yehudas research suggests that women （ A） need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress. （ B） have limited capacity for tolerating stress. （ C） are more capable of avoiding stress. （ D） are exposed to more stress. 23 According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront
22、 tends to be （ A） domestic and temporary. （ B） irregular and violent. （ C） durable and frequent. （ D） trivial and random. 24 The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.“ (Para. 5) shows that （ A） Alvarez cared about nothing but making money. （ B） Alvarezs salary barely covered her household exp
23、enses. （ C） Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs. （ D） Alvarez paid practically everything by check. 25 Which of the following would be the best title for the text? （ A） Strain of Stress: No Way Out? （ B） Responses to Stress: Gender Difference （ C） Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say （ D） Gende
24、r Inequality: Women Under Stress 26 It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for
25、review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal. No longer. The Internet and pressure from funding agencie
26、s, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching conse
27、quences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific en
28、deavor. The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Sci
29、entific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2 000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals. This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now
30、 online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the reports authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typ
31、ically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published: Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such a
32、s delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers. 26 In the first pa
33、ragraph, the author discusses （ A） the background information of journal editing. （ B） the publication routine of laboratory reports. （ C） the relations of authors with journal publishers. （ D） the traditional process of journal publication. 27 Which of the following is true of the OECD report? （ A）
34、 It criticizes government-funded research. （ B） It introduces an effective means of publication. （ C） It upsets profit-making journal publishers. （ D） It benefits scientific research considerably. 28 According to the text, online publication is significant in that （ A） it provides an easier access t
35、o scientific results. （ B） it brings huge profits to scientific researchers. （ C） it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge. （ D） it facilitates public investment in scientific research. 29 With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to （ A） cover the cost o
36、f its publication. （ B） subscribe to the journal publishing it. （ C） allow other online journals to use it freely. （ D） complete the peer-review before submission. 30 Which of the following best summarizes the text? （ A） The Internet is posing a threat to publishers. （ B） A new mode of publication i
37、s emerging. （ C） Authors welcome the pew channel for publication. （ D） Publication is rendered easier by online service. 31 In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of the only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, howe
38、ver, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames. The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognize
39、d reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, todays people especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they arent likely to get any ta
40、ller. “In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, weve pretty much gone as far as we can go,“ says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practi
41、ce of recruiting players from all over the world. Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients notably, protein to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved
42、, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height 59“ for men, 54“ for women hasnt really changed since 1960. Gen
43、etically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot
44、easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. “There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,“ says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University. Genetic maximums can change, but dont expect this to happen soon. Claire
45、C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predi
46、ct human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, “you could use todays data and feel fairly confident.“ 31 Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to （ A） illustrate the change of height of NBA players. （ B） show the popularity of NBA players in the U
47、.S. （ C） compare different generations of NBA players. （ D） assess the achievements of famous NBA players. 32 Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text? （ A） Genetic modification. （ B） Natural environment. （ C） Living standards. （ D） Daily exercise. 33 On which of
48、the following statements would the author most probably agree? （ A） Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation. （ B） Human height is conditioned by the upright posture. （ C） Americans are the tallest on average in the world. （ D） Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood. 34 We lea
49、rn from the last paragraph that in the near future （ A） the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size. （ B） the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged. （ C） genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen. （ D） the existing data of human height will still be applicable. 35 The text intends to tell us that （ A） the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern. （ B） human height is becoming even more predictable. （ C） Americans have reached their genetic growth limit. （ D） the genetic pattern of Americans has altered. 36 In
