1、考研英语模拟试卷 100及答案与解析 一、 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 1 In some early attempts by psychologists to describe the basic learning process, the terms stimulus, response and reinforcement were
2、 introduced. In an educational setting, these (1)_ could be defined as follows. When a teacher gives an (2)_, or sets a problem, or asks a question, the pupil (3)_ in some way, and the teacher then tells the pupil if he has responded correctly. The teachers first action is called the (4)_. The pupil
3、s action, carrying out the instruction, or solving the problem, or answering the question, is (5)_ the response. When the teacher tells the pupil his response is (6)_, the bond between the stimulus and the response is strengthened and reinforcement is positive. If the response is incorrect, the bond
4、 is weakened, and reinforcement is (7)_ Some psychologists laid great (8)_ on the importance of reinforcement for continued learning. They (9)_ that if a learner is not given information about his responses (feedback) he may not continue to respond. (10)_, if his homework is not marked regularly, he
5、 will stop doing it. If in class, the answers he gives to the teachers questions are (11)_ or brushed aside, he will stop trying to give any. Educational psychologists are, (12)_, moving away from this simple, early (13)_ of the basic learning process. The effects of feedback, for example, are seen
6、to be more (14)_ than this description suggests. Feedback does not merely positively or negatively (15)_ the stimulus-response bond. It may (16)_ confirm previously learned meanings and associations, correct mistakes, (17)_ misunderstandings and show how well or badly different parts of the material
7、 have been learned. Thus (18)_ may have the effect of increasing the learners confidence, backing up his previously (19)_ knowledge, and showing him which items he has not (20)_ grasped. （ A） words （ B） terms （ C） phrases （ D） jargons （ A） instance （ B） analysis （ C） instruction （ D） advice （ A） ans
8、wers （ B） responds （ C） retorts （ D） replies （ A） incentive （ B） response （ C） stimulus （ D） reinforcement （ A） seen as （ B） regarded as （ C） thought as （ D） known as （ A） false （ B） correct （ C） artificial （ D） true （ A） wrong （ B） minus （ C） negative （ D） unworkable （ A） emphasis （ B） focus （ C） c
9、oncentration （ D） attention （ A） decided （ B） discussed （ C） argued （ D） debated （ A） Above all （ B） In a word （ C） As a result （ D） For example （ A） criticized （ B） blamed （ C） omitted （ D） ignored （ A） however （ B） therefore （ C） furthermore （ D） otherwise （ A） approach （ B） method （ C） model （ D）
10、 way （ A） simple （ B） complex （ C） particular （ D） necessary （ A） unite （ B） consolidate （ C） reinforce （ D） associate （ A） much （ B） seldom （ C） never （ D） also （ A） clear up （ B） take up （ C） make up （ D） set up （ A） response （ B） reaction （ C） praise （ D） feedback （ A） inquired （ B） acquired （ C）
11、 required （ D） requested （ A） absolutely （ B） wholly （ C） partly （ D） fully Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points) 21 The past 40 years have witnessed an extraordinary evolution. From slow expensive machines contro
12、lled by punched cards, computers have become low-cost, powerful units taking up no more space than a briefcase. Simultaneously, our world has become interlaced with telephone wires, optic fibers, undersea cables, microwave links, television channels and satellite communications. At the crossing of t
13、hese two developments stands the Internet a direct result of computer technology intersecting with communication technology. But for many in the world of todays media, this is merely a first landmark in what promises to be a giant upheaval in the way people communicate, relax and work. This is the e
14、ra of digital convergence. According to a recent article in Scientific American, convergence is in principle “the union of audio, video and data communications into a single source, received on a single device, delivered by a single connection.“ Digital technology has already provided a medium for i
15、ntegrating media that until now required distinct channels of communication: we can now send emails using our televisions or text messages over mobile phones. Real-time video can be transmitted over radio channels, while television and radio can be received on Personal Computers. Full digital conver
16、gence promises real-time access to information anywhere in the world, and global communication through text, graphics, video and audio. In fact, there seems to be no technological limit to what might be possible. “The reality of anywhere, anytime access to broadband digital networks is going to make
17、 our lives freer and fuller,“ Gerald Levin, chief executive officer of AOL Time Warner, has promised. But technology alone cannot bring about such a world, as long as consumers and companies do not embrace it, convergence is likely to go the way of several hyped-up predecessors. Over a decade ago, f
18、or example, virtual reality was the technology of the future, and many people anticipated a day where we would be wearing head-mounted displays and interacting with all manner of virtual environments. At the time there was real concern about changes in industrial practices and social behavior brough
19、t about by this technology. So what happened to this vision? Well, we got it wrong. Currently, the home computer is the main interface to the Internet. But relatively few people in the world have access to PCs, and few would argue that they are ideal for the purpose they can crash and freeze because
20、 they were not designed for widespread Internet use. 21 In this text the extraordinary evolution refers to_. （ A） the appearance of the smaller, low-cost and powerful computers. （ B） the interrelated telephone wires, optic fibers, undersea cables, microwave links. （ C） the popularity of TV channels
21、and satellite communication. （ D） the fast development of computer and communication technology. 22 According to this text the Internet_. （ A） develops with the advance of computer technology. （ B） combines computer technology and communication technology. （ C） brings great changes to todays media.
22、（ D） will give way to digital convergence. 23 The medium for integrating media is_. （ A） the Internet. （ B） the digital technology. （ C） the mobile phone. （ D） Personal Computer. 24 The word “convergence“(in Para. 3) means_. （ A） revolution. （ B） communication. （ C） integration. （ D） transmission. 2
23、5 Full digital convergence depends on_. （ A） whether more people have access to PCs. （ B） the provision of more interfaces to the Internet. （ C） the improvement of the technology of virtual reality. （ D） whether the users will accept the new technology or not. 26 Linguists have been able to follow t
24、he formation of a new language in Nicaragua. The catch is that it is not a spoken language but, rather, a sign language which arose spontaneously in deaf children. The Nicaraguan Sign Language (NSL) emerged in the late 1970s, at a new school for deaf children. Initially the children were instructed
25、by teachers who could hear. No one taught them how to sign; they simply worked it out for themselves. By conducting experiments on people who attended the school at various points in its history, Dr. Senghas has shown how NSL has become more sophisticated over time. For example, concepts that an old
26、er signer uses a single sign for, such as rolling and falling, have been unpacked into separate signs by youngsters. Early users, too, did not develop a way of distinguishing left from right. Dr. Senghas showed this by asking signers of different ages to converse about a set of photographs that each
27、 could see. One signer had to pick a photograph and describe it. The other had to guess which photograph was being described. When all the photographs contained the same elements, merely arranged differently, older people, who had learned the early form of the language, could neither signal which ph
28、oto they meant, nor understand the signals of their younger partners. Nor could their younger partners teach them the signs that indicate left and right. The older people clearly understood the concept of left and right, they just could not converse about it a result that bears on the vexing questio
29、n of how much language merely reflects the way the brain thinks about the world, and how much it actually shapes such thinking. For a sign language to emerge spontaneously, though, deaf children must have some inherent tendency to tie gestures to meaning. Spoken language, of course, is frequently ac
30、companied by gestures. But, as a young researcher, Dr. Goldin-Meadow suspected that deaf children use gestures differently from those who can hear. In a 30-year-long project carried out on deaf children in America and Taiwan, whose parents can hear normally, she has shown that this is true. Even dea
31、f children who have no deaf acquaintances use signs as words. The order the signs come in is important. It is also different from the order of words in either English or Chinese. But it is the same, for a given set of signs and meanings, in both America and Taiwan. Curiously enough, the signs produc
32、ed by children in Spain and Turkey, whom Dr. Goldin-Meadow is also studying, while similar to each other, differ from those that American and Taiwanese children produce. Dr. Goldin-Meadow is not certain why that is. However, the key commonality is that their spontaneously created languages resemble
33、fully-formed languages. 26 The Nicaragua Sign Language is_. （ A） a non-verbal language created by deaf children. （ B） an artificial language used by people in Nicaragua. （ C） a language invented by teachers who teach the deaf. （ D） a language described and modified by deliberate linguists 27 The exp
34、eriment with the photographs shows that_. （ A） none of them are clever enough to communicate freely. （ B） early signs fail to communicate certain ideas. （ C） the youngsters are better at describing the photographs. （ D） the elders are better at locating the photographs. 28 It can be inferred from th
35、e fourth paragraph that_. （ A） the way of thinking determines the way of expression. （ B） the way of expression determines the way of thinking. （ C） people are not sure about the relationship between language and thinking. （ D） people are unable to tell right from left due to brain problems. 29 Whic
36、h of the following is true according to the text? （ A） Deaf children are born to tie gestures with meanings. （ B） Gestures used by the deaf and the normal are similar. （ C） No countries share similar gestures orders in sign language. （ D） NSL is to some extent similar to spoken language. 30 What can
37、 be the best title for the text? （ A） Sign language and spoken language. （ B） The history of NSL. （ C） Findings about sign language. （ D） The origin of language. 31 For a variety of reasons, travel medicine in Britain is a responsibility nobody wants. As a result, many travelers go abroad ill prepar
38、ed to avoid serious disease. Why is travel medicine so unloved? Partly theres an identity problem. Because it takes an interest in anything that impinges on the health of travelers, this emerging medical specialism invariably cuts across the traditional disciplines. It delves into everything from se
39、asickness, jet lag and the hazards of camels to malaria and plague. But travel medicine has a more serious obstacle to overcome. Travel clinics are meant to tell people how to avoid ending up dead or in a tropical Diseases hospital when they come home. But it is notoriously difficult to get everybod
40、y to pay out money for keeping people healthy. Travel medicine has also been colonized by commercial interests the vast majority of travel clinics in Britain are run by airlines or travel companies. And while travel concerns are happy to sell profitable injections, they may be less keen to spread ba
41、d news about travelers diarrhea in Turkey, or to take the time to spell out preventive measures travelers could take. “The NHS consultant finds it difficult to define travelers health,“ says Ron Behrens, the only NHS consultant in travel and tropical medicine and director of the travel clinic of the
42、 Hospital for Tropical Diseases in London. “Should it come within the NHS or should it be paid for? Its a grey Tropical Diseases in London area, and opinion is split. No one seems to have any responsibility for defining its role,“ he says. To compound its low status in the medical hierarchy, travel
43、medicine has to rely on statistics that are patchy at best. In most cases we just dont know how many Britons contract diseases when abroad. And even if a disease is linked to travel there is rarely any information about where those afflicted went, what they ate, how they behaved, or which vaccinatio
44、ns they had. This shortage of hard facts and figures makes it difficult to give detailed advice to people, information that might even save their lives. A recent leader in the British Medical Journal argued: “Travel medicine will emerge as a credible discipline only if the risks encountered by trave
45、lers and the relative benefits of public health interventions are well defined in terms of their relative occurrence, distribution and control.“ Exactly how much money is wasted by poor travel advice? The real figure is anybodys guess, but it could easily run into millions. Behrens gives one example
46、. Britain spends more than fl million each year just on cholera vaccines that often dont work and so give people a false sense of security. “Information on the prevention and treatment of all forms of diarrhea would be a better priority,“ he says. 31 Travel medicine in Britain is_. （ A） not somethin
47、g anyone wants to run. （ B） the responsibility of the government. （ C） administered by private doctors. （ D） handled adequately by travel agents. 32 One big obstacle to the development of travel medicine is_. （ A） theres an identity problem. （ B） it involves knowledge of many traditional disciplines
48、. （ C） nobody, either the government or individuals, is willing to pay for the service. （ D） the information of how to avoid, tropical diseases are of little use for those travel to Antarctica. 33 The main interest of travel agencies dealing with travel medicine is to （ A） prevent people from fallin
49、g in. （ B） make money out of it. （ C） give advice on specific countries. （ D） get the government to pay for it. 34 In Behrens opinion the question of who should run travel medicine （ A） is for the government to decide. （ B） should be left to specialist hospitals. （ C） can be left to travel companies. （ D） has no clear and simple answer. 35 People will only think better of travel medicine if_. （ A） it i
