1、考研英语模拟试卷 104及答案与解析 一、 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 1 Recent legal research indicated that incorrect identification is a major factor in many miscarriages of justice. It also suggests t
2、hat identification of people by witnesses in a courtroom is not as (1)_ as commonly believed. Recent studies do not support the (2)_ of faith judges, jurors, lawyers and the police have in eyewitness evidence. The Law Commission recently published an educational paper, “Total Recall? The Reliability
3、 of Witness (3)_“, as a companion guide to a proposed code of evidence. The paper finds that commonly held (4)_ about how our minds work and how well we remember are often wrong. But while human memory is (5)_ change, it should not be underestimated. In court witnesses are asked to give evidence abo
4、ut events, and judges and juries (6)_ its reliability. The paper points out that memory is complex, and the reliability of any persons recall must be assessed (7)_. Both common sense and research say memory (8)_ over time. The accuracy of recall and recognition are (9)_ their best immediately (10)_
5、encoding the information, declining at first rapidly, then gradually. The longer the delay, the more likely it is that information obtained after the event will interfere (11)_ the original memory, which reduces (12)_. The paper says (13)_ interviews or media reports can create such (14)_. “People a
6、re particularly susceptible to having their memories (15)_ when the passage of time allows the original memory to (16)_, and will be most susceptible if they repeat the (17)_ as fact.“ Witnesses may see or read information after the event, then (18)_ it to produce something (19)_ than what was exper
7、ienced, significantly reducing the reliability of their memory of an event or offender, “Further, witnesses may strongly believe in their memories, even though aspects of those memories are (20)_ false.“ （ A） trustful （ B） reliable （ C） innocent （ D） considerable （ A） rate （ B） degree （ C） extent （
8、D） scale （ A） Manifestation （ B） Declaration （ C） Presentation （ D） Testimony （ A） perceptions （ B） acceptances （ C） permissions （ D） receptions （ A） subject to （ B） liable for （ C） incapable of （ D） attributable to （ A） assess （ B） appreciate （ C） calculate （ D） speculate （ A） interactively （ B） co
9、mparatively （ C） horizontally （ D） individually （ A） descends （ B） declines （ C） inclines （ D） degrades （ A） at （ B） in （ C） on （ D） upon （ A） before （ B） after （ C） when （ D） until （ A） with （ B） in （ C） at （ D） on （ A） appropriacy （ B） accuracy （ C） originality （ D） justice （ A） consequent （ B） su
10、ccessive （ C） subsequent （ D） preceding （ A） distortions （ B） deformations （ C） malfunctions （ D） malformations （ A） altered （ B） transformed （ C） converted （ D） modified （ A） fade （ B） diminish （ C） lessen （ D） dwell （ A） misinformation （ B） mistreatment （ C） misguidance （ D） misjudgement （ A） asso
11、ciate （ B） connect （ C） link （ D） integrate （ A） other （ B） rather （ C） more （ D） less （ A） invariably （ B） constantly （ C） justifiably （ D） verifiably Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points) 21 In sixteenth-century
12、 Italy and eighteenth-century France, waning prosperity and increasing social unrest led the ruling families to try to preserve their superiority by withdrawing from the lower and middle classes behind barriers of etiquette. In a prosperous community, on the other hand, polite society soon absorbs t
13、he newly rich, and in England there has never been any shortage of books on etiquette for teaching them the manners appropriate to their new way of life. Every code of etiquette has contained three elements= basic moral duties; practical rules which promote efficiency; and artificial, optional grace
14、s such as formal compliments to, say, women on their beauty or superiors on their generosity and importance. In the first category are consideration for weak and respect for age. Among the ancient Egyptians the young always stood in the presence of older people. Among the Mponguwe of Tanzania, the y
15、oung men bow as they pass the huts of the elders. In England, until about a century ago, young children did not sit in their parents presence without asking permission. Practical rules are helpful in such ordinary occurrences of social life as making proper introductions at parties of other function
16、s so that people can be brought to know each other. Before the invention of the fork, etiquette directed that the fingers should be kept as clean as possible, before the handkerchief came into common use, etiquette suggested that after spitting, a person should rub the spit inconspicuously underfoot
17、. Extremely refined behavior, however, cultivated as an art of gracious living, has been characteristic only of societies with wealth and leisure, which admitted women as the social equals of men. After the fall of Rome, the first European society to regulate behavior in private lift in accordance w
18、ith a complicated code of etiquette was twelfth-century Provence, in France. Provence had become wealthy. The loads had returned to their castles from the crusades, and there the ideals of chivalry grew up, which emphasized the virtue and gentleness of women and demanded that a knight should profess
19、 a pure and dedicated love to a lady who would be his valiant deeds, though he would never come physically close to her. This was the introduction of the concept of romantic love, which was to influence literature for many hundreds of years and which still lives on in a debased form in simple popula
20、r songs and cheap novels today. 21 In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, the ruling families （ A） tried to destroy the lower and middle classes using etiquette. （ B） discriminated against the lower class using etiquette. （ C） tried to teach etiquette to the lower and middle class
21、es. （ D） put the middle and working classes into fenced enclosures. 22 Every code of etiquette has contained three elements. （ A） practical rules, optional moral duties and formal compliments. （ B） rules, regulations and requirements. （ C） optional moral duties, optional practical rules and artifici
22、al graces. （ D） formal compliments, basic moral duties and practical rule. 23 The custom of young men bowing to show respect when passing the dwellings of their elders was cited as a characteristic of （ A） the ancient Egyptians. （ B） parts of Tanzania. （ C） England about a century ago. （ D） all soci
23、eties. 24 Etiquette cultivated as art of gracious living （ A） has been typical of rich and leisured societies. （ B） advocates that women are the same as men. （ C） began in nineteenth-century Provence. （ D） looks down on extremely refined behaviour. 25 The ideals of chivalry demanded that （ A） a knig
24、ht should never have physical relationship with women. （ B） a knight should inspire his lady to valiant deeds. （ C） a knight should dedicate his valiant deeds to a woman. （ D） romantic people should influence literature. 26 Once free of Etruscan domination, the Romans developed a Republican form of
25、government which lasted until the first century BC, and provided important continuity for Roman institutions. The motto “S.P.Q.R.“ Senatus Populusgue Romanus, “The Roman Senate and People“ reflected the philosophy of the early Roman political and social order and remained the watchword of Roman soci
26、ety until Imperial times. It meant that sovereignty rested in the people themselves, and not in any particular governmental form. Yet in many ways the Roman Republic functioned as a democracy. Decisions affecting society were made at a series of assemblies which all citizens attended to express thei
27、r will. The Senate, on the other hand, conducted the business of government including the passage of legislation and the supervision of elected magistrates. Over the centuries the greatest issues affecting Roman society were played out as dramas created by tensions between people and Senate. The Sen
28、ate itself was a hereditary institution comprising an assembly of heads, patres of old patrician families and later wealthy members of the citizenry-plebs. The three hundred members therefore represented old and new money, power, and social interest. It was a self-renewing oligarchy. The two most im
29、portant officers who ruled the state were the consuls, elected by the representative assemblies for one-year terms, at the end of which they became members of the Senate. In Rome the rich ruled via the Senate. The general citizenry were little more than peasants. By the third century BC the division
30、 between aristocrat and peasant had widened appreciably-the former growing in riches and the latter sinking further and further into poverty. Yet the constitutional framework of the Republic held the small Roman social order together, warding off revolution, permitting change, and providing the body
31、 politic with reasonably well-trained leaders who knew how, above all else, to keep the Republic functioning and alive. It was, in fact, the internal stability of the Republic which made expansion possible, bringing about the next phase of Roman history. Roman expansion was based on military conques
32、t. Very little commerce and industry existed in Rome, unlike Athens, and the quality of life in Rome came to depend directly upon the wealth of conquered regions brought back to Rome as spoils of military victory. By the middle of the second century BC Rome had conquered Carthage in North Africa and
33、 Corinth in Asia Minor, and had thus assumed a position of political dominance in the Hellenistic world. The internationalization of culture, evident in Hellenic times, increased further under the Romans. Later, Rome would extend its control throughout Europe and eventually to the British Isles. 26
34、What kind of social form immediately followed the Roman Republic Age? （ A） feudalism （ B） Etruscan domination （ C） socialism （ D） impericalism 27 What does “S.P.Q.R.“ suggest according to the text? （ A） It suggests that The Roman Senate was elected by the people and governed the people. （ B） It sugg
35、ests that The Roman Senate was the highest authority. （ C） It suggests that it was the people, not government, who held the power and right of the country. （ D） It suggest that the Roman Republic functioned a democracy the same as America. 28 What does the word “patrician“ mean in the second sentenc
36、e of the second paragraph? （ A） Patron （ B） Supporter （ C） Governmental （ D） Aristocrat 29 Which of the following hold the most important position in the Senate? （ A） Consuls （ B） Plebs （ C） People （ D） Patres 30 In the last paragraph, Roman expansion was described vividly, what is the base of the e
37、xpasion? （ A） Military conquest （ B） Superior military strategy （ C） The scientific structure of the society （ D） Advanced culture 31 It is because of his plays that Shakespeare is now considered the greatest English writer in history. The era in which he lived, Elizabethan England, was a time in wh
38、ich broad interests and creativity could flourish. Elizabeth, the queen, was beloved by her subjects and proved to be a powerful and able ruler. Under the reign of Elizabeth, England changed from an island kingdom to an expanding empire. England grew rich through trade. Sixteenth-century Englishmen
39、traveled to the New World and to Africa. Music, dance, poetry, painting, and architecture flourished; but the art form in which Elizabethan England distinguished the rest of Europe was the theater. The theater, which had practically disappeared from Europe was, at this time, received as a part of th
40、e church service. Later, no longer as a part of the service, the“ mystery plays“ responded to popular taste by adding more and more comic elements. In England, they were sponsored by various trade guilds and presented on stage wagons that went from place to place. When the mystery plays began to los
41、e their appeal, they were replaced by “morality“ plays which always taught a moral. In Renaissance England, writers were particularly interested in classical texts such as Latin and Greek plays. Schools and universities began to produce comedies and tragedies by Platus, Terence, and Seneca. Shakespe
42、are was well acquainted with classical humanities and classical tragedies and comedies often served as models in his own drama. A Renaissance man, Shakespeares interest went beyond book learning to practical knowledge of military strategy, seafaring, business affairs, and the new geographical discov
43、eries, all evident in his plays. Companies of strolling plays which had specialized in morality plays responded to the change by staging new plays. Professional actors, who had been viewed by English society as little better than vagrants or criminals, gradually came under the protection of the nobi
44、lity. Licensed theater companies were formed; Shakespeare belonged to one of those, where in addition to his writing, he acquired a wide experience in acting and theater management. The theater grew in popularity and public theaters were built, not inside the city limits but just outside, along with
45、 other places of entertainment. Theaters in Elizabethan England were patronized by all social classes. The Globe Theater, built in 1599, where many of Shakespeares plays were performed, had a platform stage jutting out into a central courtyard. The audience stay around three sides of this platform t
46、he lower-class who each paid a penny in the pit and the wealthier spectators in the galleries above. The orchestra was on stage, as music was usually a significant part of the production. Indeed, the costumes, scenery, singing, playing, and dancing, as well as acting was essential to the total show.
47、 There was no lighting, however, plays were performed in the afternoon. Shakespeare knew his audience: his theater is addressed not just to the educated but to all classes of society. 31 Which of the following is not true about the Elizabethan England? （ A） Broad interests and creativity flourished.
48、 （ B） English people began to travel to the Continent. （ C） The theater was the most prominent art form. （ D） England was no longer an island kingdom. 32 According to the text,the theater （ A） first appeared in England. （ B） follows two classical rules. （ C） were only sponsored by the nobility. （ D）
49、 had various types. 33 Which of the following statements may not be the reason for Shakespeares success? （ A） He lived in the Elizabethan Age. （ B） He was quite wealthy. （ C） He had broad interest. （ D） He was experienced in acting and theater management. 34 The underlined word “patronized“ in the last paragraph means （ A） enjoyed. （ B） encouraged. （ C） sponsored. （ D） promoted. 35 Shakespeares plays were （ A） enjoyable to all the classes of society. （ B） performed all day long. （ C） presented on st
