1、考研英语模拟试卷 160及答案与解析 一、 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 1 The Euro skeptics contend that the risks of monetary union far outweigh any advantages it may bring. Since exchange rates can (1)_
2、be used to offset the strains of different economic conditions prevailing in various member countries, growth and employment problems are inevitable, they say. The resulting political pressures will (2)_ to demands for large intra-union (3)_ payments. And (4)_ political resistance to such payments i
3、s inevitable, skeptics regard the EMU as a (5)_ to further European integration. The (6)_ of the EMU is groundless. The countries that will soon formally renounce the right to adjust their nominal exchange rates are not (7)_ up anything they have not already voluntarily surrendered as part of prepar
4、ations for monetary union. In the past years not one of the 11 founding members of EMU has (8)_ in order to enhance its (9)_. What better proof of the determination and (10)_ of the European countries to form an economic and monetary union? The claims by Euro skeptics that the (11)_ to EMU membershi
5、p have sacrificed growth and employment in order to fulfill the convergence criteria dont hold water.(12)_, government spending of over 50 percent of GDP and taxes and social (13)_ contributions of over 40 percent were clear (14)_ that many countries had widely (15)_ from being market economies. Tru
6、e, the plan for monetary union (16)_ countries to get their public finances in (17)_. But such reforms to put fiscal and social policies on a healthy, economic footing would have been indispensable anyway. Only with a common currency will the EUs single market develop its full dynamic potential. The
7、 euro will make pricing more transparent, (18)_ in greater competition and, (19)_, stronger growth. The days will be over (20)_, for want of competition, Europes economies became rigid and inflexible. （ A） on no account （ B） no longer （ C） without exception （ D） in vain （ A） point （ B） come （ C） amo
8、unt （ D） lead （ A） balance （ B） strain （ C） transfer （ D） pension （ A） before （ B） since （ C） unless （ D） although （ A） return （ B） response （ C） threat （ D） comfort （ A） praise （ B） criticism （ C） esteem （ D） scorn （ A） giving （ B） making （ C） picking （ D） working （ A） derived （ B） degraded （ C） de
9、clined （ D） devalued （ A） efficiency （ B） availability （ C） exposure （ D） competitiveness （ A） capability （ B） capacity （ C） ability （ D） faculty （ A） opponents （ B） aspirants （ C） candidates （ D） rivals （ A） Actually （ B） For instance （ C） Theoretically （ D） Even so （ A） advantage （ B） profit （ C）
10、benefit （ D） interest （ A） evidence （ B） incidence （ C） inference （ D） insurance （ A） separated （ B） radiated （ C） scattered （ D） diverged （ A） confined （ B） subjected （ C） forced （ D） drew （ A） figure （ B） pattern （ C） form （ D） shape （ A） differing （ B） resulting （ C） bringing （ D） driving （ A） he
11、nce （ B） though （ C） instead （ D） anyway （ A） where （ B） when （ C） what （ D） unless Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points) 21 After the terrorist attacks in America last September, terrorist risk became the pariah
12、of perils. The airline industry was most directly affected by the attacks, and it was the first to find that no one wanted to insure terrorist risk. Insurance companies immediately increased premiums and cut cover for airlines third-party terror and war liabilities to $50m per airline, per “event“.
13、Under pressure from airlines, the American government and the members of the European Union agreed to become insurers of last resort for airlines war and terrorist liabilities, for a limited period. These government guarantees are due to expire at the end of the month. The American government has al
14、ready agreed to extend its guarantee for another 60 days. The EUs transport ministers are meeting next week in Brussels to decide what to do. Insurers and re-insurers are keen for the commercial market to resume the provision of all airline insurance as soon as possible. No wonder: The premiums for
15、such cover have inevitably increased considerably. However, in the case of terrorism, and especially of terrorism in the skies, a number of special factors, arise. Some are purely practical: a disaster as sudden and unforeseen as the attacks on the World Trade Center has had destructive effects on t
16、he insurance industry. The maximum cover for third-party terrorist risk available in the primary aviation market is now $50m, and that is not nearly enough cover risks that are perceived to be much higher since September 11th. Even if the market could offer sufficient cover, another catastrophe on s
17、uch a scale would be more than the market could cope with. In addition, a rare and devastating risk of a political nature is arguably one that it is right for governments to cover, at least in part. In the wake of attacks by Irish terrorists the British government has recognized this point by agreei
18、ng to back a mutual fund to cover risks to property from terrorist attack. In the case of the airlines, the appropriate answer is some form of mutual scheme with government backing. In fact, under the code-name “Equitime“, representatives of airlines, insurers and the American government are setting
19、 up an insurance vehicle to be financed by airlines and reinsured by the government. Governments would guarantee the funds excess risk, but their role would diminish as the fund grew. Setting something up will take time, so, to bridge the gap, governments will have to remain insurer of last resort f
20、or airlines war and terrorist risk for some time to come. 21 By “terrorist risk became the pariah of perils“(Paragraph 1), the author means _. （ A） airline disasters severely affected the mutual fund. （ B） terrorist risk was the chief concern for governments. （ C） insurance companies refused to pay
21、their premiums. （ D） terrorist liabilities are not accepted by insurance companies. 22 The writer argues that in the foreseeable future the insurer of last resort for airlines terrorist risk will be _. （ A） insurance companies. （ B） airliners themselves. （ C） governments guarantees. （ D） mutual fund
22、 scheme. 23 When mentioning “$50m per airline, per event“(Paragraph 1), the writer is talking about _. （ A） the gap between insurance and reinsurance. （ B） the liabilities attributed to terrorists. （ C） the fund guaranteed by governments. （ D） the cover for third-party terrorist risk. 24 In the eyes
23、 of the writer, the current insurance industry alone _. （ A） will cancel the provision of all airline insurance. （ B） could not sustain another sudden catastrophe. （ C） must cope with a rare risk of a political nature. （ D） will be integrated into an insurance vehicle. 25 How does the writer feel ab
24、out the present situation? （ A） Anxious. （ B） Tolerant. （ C） Amazed. （ D） Indifferent. 26 In the end, a degree of sanity prevailed. The militant Hindus who had vowed to breach a police cordon and start the work of building a temple to the god Ram at the disputed site of Ayodhya decided to respect a
25、Supreme Court decision barring them from the area. So charged have Hindu-Muslim relations in India become in recent weeks, as the declared deadline of March 15th neared, that a clash at Rams supposed birthplace might well have provoked bloodshed on an appalling scale across the nation. It has, unfor
26、tunately, happened often enough before. But the threat has not vanished. The courts decision is only an interim one, and the main Hindu groups have not given up on their quest to build their temple. Extreme religious violence, which seemed in recent years to have faded after the Ayodhya related expl
27、osion of 1992 1993, is again a feature of the political landscape. Though faults lie on both sides (it was a Muslim attack on Hindus in a train in Gujarat that started the recent slaughter), the great bulk of victims were, as always, Muslims. Once again, educated Hindus are to be heard inveighing ag
28、ainst the “appeasing“ of Muslims through such concessions as separate constitutional status for Kashmir or the right to practice Islamic civil law. Once again, the police are being accused of doing little or nothing to help Muslim victims of rampaging Hindu mobs. Once again, Indias 130m Muslims feel
29、 unequal and unsafe in their own country. Far too many Hindus would refuse to accept that it is “their own country“ at all. The wonder of it, perhaps, is that things are not worse. While the world applauds Pakistan for at last locking up the leaders of its extreme religious groups, in India the zeal
30、ots still support, sustain and to a degree constitute the government. The BJP, which leads the ruling coalition, was founded as a political front for the Hindu movement. It is simply one, and by no means the dominant, member of what is called the Sangh Pariwar, the “family of organizations“. Other m
31、embers of the family are much less savoury. There is the VHO, the World Hindu Organization, which led the movement to build the Ram temple. There is the Bajrang Dal, the brutalist “youth wing“ of the VHO. There is substantial evidence that members of the VHO and the Bajrang Dal helped to organize th
32、e slaughter of hundreds of Muslims in Gujarat after 58 Hindus were killed on a train as they returned from Ayodhya. 26 It can be learnt from the text that the ruling party in India _. （ A） offered little assistance in the massacre of Muslisms. （ B） was unanimous with respect to the issue of religion
33、. （ C） might have brought religious conflict into politics. （ D） was striving to gather evidence against militant Hindus. 27 What does the writer wants to illustrate with “a Muslim attack on Hindus on a train in Gujarat“? （ A） The violation of a Supreme Court decision. （ B） Frequent clashes between
34、Hindus and Muslims. （ C） The brutality of extreme Indian policemen. （ D） Social privileges entitled to Hindus mobs. 28 Towards the issue of Hindu-Muslim relations, the writers attitude can be said to be _. （ A） pessimistic. （ B） objective. （ C） scared. （ D） biased. 29 We can learn from the text that
35、 both Hindus and Muslims are _. （ A） revengeful to each other. （ B） obedient by nature. （ C） respectful to the god Ram. （ D） politically sensitive. 30 Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the text? （ A） Hindus seemed to be more sensible of their actions than previously. （ B） Dismal
36、 consequences will be in store for extreme religious groups. （ C） The safety of Indias Muslims depended on the good will of Hindus. （ D） The illegal government is responsible for the present situation in India. 31 When it comes to suing doctors, Philadelphia is hardly the city of brotherly love. A c
37、ombination of sprightly lawyers and sympathetic juries has made Philadelphia a hotspot for medical-malpractice lawsuits. Since 1995, Pennsylvania state courts have awarded an average of $2m in such cases, according to Jury Verdict Research, a survey firm. Some medical specialists have seen their mal
38、practice insurance premiums nearly double over the past year. Obstetricians are now paying up to $104,000 a year to protect themselves. The insurance industry is largely to blame. Carol Golin, the Monitors editor, argues that in the 1990s insurers tried to grab market share by offering artificially
39、low rates (betting that any losses would be covered by gains on their investments). The stock-market correction, coupled with the large legal awards, has eroded the insurers reserves. Three in Pennsylvania alone have gone bust. A few doctors particularly older ones will quit. The rest are adapting.
40、Some are abandoning litigation-prone procedures, such as delivering babies. Others are moving parts of their practice to neighboring states where insurance rates are lower. Some from Pennsylvania have opened offices in New Jersey. New doctors may also be deterred from setting up shop in litigation h
41、avens, however prestigious. Despite a Republican president, tort reform has got nowhere at the federal level. Indeed doctors could get clobbered indirectly by a Patients Bill of Rights, which would further expose managed care companies to lawsuits. This prospect has fuelled interest among doctors in
42、 Pennsylvanias new medical malpractice reform bill, which was signed into law on March 20th. It will, among other things, give doctors $40m of state funds to offset their insurance premiums, spread the payment of awards out over time and prohibit individuals from double dipping that is, suing a doct
43、or for damages that have already been paid by their health insurer. But will it really help? Randall Bovbjerg, a health policy expert at the Urban Institute, argues that the only proper way to slow down the litigation machine would be to limit the compensation for pain and suffering, so-called “non-
44、monetary damages“. Needless to say, a fixed cap on such awards is resisted by most trial lawyers. But Mr. Bovbjerg reckons a more nuanced approach, with a sliding scale of payments based on well-defined measures of injury, is a better way forward. In the meantime, doctors and insurers are bracing th
45、emselves for a couple more rough years before the insurance cycle turns. Nobody disputes that hospital staff make mistakes: a 1999 Institute of Medicine report claimed that errors kill at least 44,000 patients a year. But there is little evidence that malpractice lawsuits on their own will solve the
46、 problem. 31 It is implied in the first sentence that doctors in Philadelphia _. （ A） are over-confident of their social connections in daily life. （ B） benefit a lot from their malpractice insurance premiums. （ C） are more likely to be sued for their medical-malpractice. （ D） pay less than is requi
47、red by law to protect themselves. 32 At the time when this article was written, the situation for doctors in Philadelphia seemed to be _. （ A） rather gloomy. （ B） fairly optimistic. （ C） very desperate. （ D） quite reassuring. 33 By mentioning “double-dipping“(Paragraph 4), the author is talking abou
48、t _. （ A） awards given to patients by doctors. （ B） market share secured by insurers. （ C） malpractice reform bill to be passed. （ D） insurance rates-cut in some states. 34 It seems that the author is very critical of _. （ A） litigation prone areas. （ B） the insurance premium. （ C） irresponsible hos
49、pital staff. （ D） the insurance industry. 35 We can learn from the text that a new law in Pennsylvanian _. （ A） will subject insurance companies to lawsuits. （ B） helps solve the problem of hospital staff errors. （ C） may leave doctors a little better protected. （ D） helps patients sue a doctor for damages. 36 Americas central bank sent a clear message this week. For the second consecutive meeting, the Federal Open Market
