1、考研英语模拟试卷 178及答案与解析 一、 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 1 In October 2002, Goldman Sachs and Deutsche Bank (1)_ a new electronic market ( for economic indices that (2)_ substantial economic
2、 risks, such as nonfarm payroll (a measure of job availability) and retail sales. This new market was made possible by a (3)_ trading technology, developed by Longitude, a New York company providing software for financial markets, (4)_ the Parimutuel Digital Call Auction. This is “digital“ (5)_ of a
3、 digital option i.e., it pays out only if an underlying index lies in a narrow, discrete range. In effect, Longitude has created a horse race, where each “horse“ wins if and (6)_ the specified index falls in a specified range. By creating horses for every possible (7)_ of the index, and allowing peo
4、ple to bet (8)_ any number of runners, the company has produced a liquid integrated electronic market for a wide array of options on economic indices. Ten years ago it was (9)_ impossible to make use of electronic information about home values. Now, mortgage lenders have online automated valuation m
5、odels that allow them to estimate values and to (10)_ the risk in their portfolios. This has led to a proliferation of types of home loan, some of (11)_ have improved risk-management characteristics. We are also beginning to see new kinds of (12)_ for homes, which will make it possible to protect th
6、e value of (13)_, for most people, is the single most important (14)_ of their wealth. The Yale University-Neighbourhood Reinvestment Corporation programme, (15)_ last year in the city of Syracuse, in New York State, may be a model for home-equity insurance policies that (16)_ sophisticated economic
7、 indices of house prices to define the (17)_ of the policy. Electronic futures markets that are based on econometric indices of house prices by city, already begun by City Index and IG Index in Britain and now (18)_ developed in the United States, will enable home-equity insurers to hedge the risks
8、that they acquire by writing these policies. These examples are not impressive successes yet. But they (19)_ as early precursors of a technology that should one day help us to deal with the massive risks of inequality that (20)_ will beset us in coming years. （ A） created （ B） generated （ C） initiat
9、ed （ D） originated （ A） reproduce （ B） restore （ C） represent （ D） resume （ A） sophisticated （ B） expensive （ C） available （ D） established （ A） made （ B） called （ C） asked （ D） read （ A） in the course （ B） in the event （ C） in the light （ D） in the sense （ A） when （ B） until （ C） now that （ D） only
10、 if （ A） extent （ B） range （ C） line （ D） area （ A） for （ B） in （ C） on （ D） up （ A） virtually （ B） admittedly （ C） absolutely （ D） originally （ A） assume （ B） assess （ C） dismiss （ D） erase （ A） them （ B） which （ C） that （ D） whom （ A） management （ B） insurance （ C） security （ D） techonology （ A） w
11、hat （ B） those （ C） where （ D） it （ A） guarantee （ B） protection （ C） component （ D） source （ A） secured （ B） sponsored （ C） released （ D） launched （ A） look to （ B） set up （ C） lay down （ D） rely on （ A） terms （ B） specifications （ C） concepts （ D） consequences （ A） is （ B） being （ C） been （ D） are
12、 （ A） emerge （ B） appear （ C） stand （ D） arise （ A） somehow （ B） anyway （ C） otherwise （ D） thereby Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points) 21 Violent lyrics in songs increase aggression-related thoughts and emotion
13、s and could indirectly create a more hostile social environment, a study released on Sunday by a U.S. psychology association found. The Washington D.C.-based American Psychological Association (APA) released the study, resulting from five experiments involving over 500 college students, in the May i
14、ssue of the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. The violent songs increased feelings of hostility without provocation or threat, according to the study. It said the effect was not the result of differences in musical style, specific performing artist or arousal properties of the songs. Eve
15、n the humorous violent songs increased aggressive thoughts, the study said. The group said the study contradicts a popular notion that listening to angry, violent music actually serves as a positive catharsis for people. The music industry came under criticism from lawmakers in October for failing t
16、o use more descriptive parental advisory labels that specify whether the music contains sex, violence or strong language. But the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) has said that current CD labels give parents enough information without violating the right to free expression. The RIAA
17、is the trade group for the worlds five big labels, including AOL Time Warner Inc., EMI Group Pie., Bertelsmann AG, Vivendi Universals Universal Music and Sony Corp. Results of the APAs experiments showed that violent songs led to more aggressive interpretations of ambiguously aggressive words and in
18、creased the relative speed with which people read aggressive versus non-aggressive words. “Such aggression-biased interpretations can, in turn, instigate a more aggressive response, verbal or physical, than would have been emitted in a nonbiased state, thus provoking an aggressive escalatory spiral
19、of antisocial exchanges,“ said researcher Craig Anderson, in a statement. While researchers said repeated exposure to violent lyrics could indirectly create a more hostile social environment, they said it was possible the effects of violent songs may last only a fairly short time. 21 According to th
20、e study by APA, intensified aggression had nothing to do with _. （ A） actual performers of music （ B） a more hostile environment （ C） feelings of hostility （ D） violent humors of the songs 22 The word “catharsis“ in Para. 3 most probably means _ （ A） an unpopular notion （ B） the removal of strong fe
21、elings （ C） an increase of aggressive emotions （ D） the overreaction to violent lyrics 23 Which of the following statements is true? （ A） The researchers work was unpopular because of its biased conclusions. （ B） The music industry was accused of unclear specification of the nature of the songs. （ C
22、） The current CD labels failed to specify whether the music is appropriate for youth. （ D） The music industry would have to yield to the pressure from the politicians. 24 Craig Anderson would probably agree that _. （ A） the relation between violent music and aggressive thoughts was ambiguous （ B） mo
23、re experiments were needed to justify the results achieved so far （ C） antisocial exchanges could be ultimately attributed to violent songs （ D） nonbiased interpretations might cause more aggressive social responses 25 It can be concluded from the passage that _. （ A） some musical styles would lead
24、to a short period of increased social hostility （ B） researchers were divided about the fundamental causes of aggressive emotions （ C） parents neednt worry a lot about their kids occasional exposure to violent songs （ D） music industry would have to be more alert to violent words in its music 26 The
25、 biggest danger facing the global airline industry is not the effects of terrorism, war, SARS and economic downturn. It is that these blows, which have helped ground three national flag carriers and force two American airlines into bankruptcy, will divert attention from the inherent weaknesses of av
26、iation, which they have exacerbated. As in the crisis that attended the first Gulf War, many airlines hope that traffic will soon bounce back, and a few catastrophic years will be followed by fuller planes, happier passengers and a return to profitability. Yet the industrys problems are deeper and o
27、lder than the trauma of the past two years implies. As the centenary of the first powered flight approaches in December, the industry it launched is still remarkably primitive. The car industry, created not long after the Wright Brothers made history, is now a global industry dominated by a dozen fi
28、rms, at least half of which make good profits. Yet commercial aviation consists of 267 international carriers and another 500-plus domestic ones. The worlds biggest carrier, American Airlines, has barely 7% of the global market, whereas the worlds biggest carmaker, General Motors, has (with its asso
29、ciated firms) about a quarter of the worlds automobile market. Aviation has been incompletely deregulated, and in only two markets: America and Europe. Everywhere else, governments dictate who flies under what rules. These aim to preserve state-owned national flag-carriers, run for prestige rather t
30、han profit. And numerous restrictions on foreign ownership impede cross-border airline mergers. In America, the big network carriers face barriers to exit, which have kept their route networks too large. Trade unions resisting job cuts and Congressmen opposing route closures in their territory consp
31、ire to block change. In Europe, liberalization is limited by bilateral deals that prevent, for instance, British Airways (BA) flying to America from Frankfurt or Paris, or Lufthansa offering transatlantic flights from Londons Heathrow. To use the car industry analogy, it is as if only Renaults were
32、allowed to drive on French motorways. In airlines, the optimists are those who think that things are now so bad that the industry has no option but to evolve. Frederick Reid, president of Delta Air Lines, said earlier this year that events since the September 11th attacks are the equivalent of a met
33、eor strike, changing the climate, creating a sort of nuclear winter and leading to a “compressed evolutionary cycle“. So how, looking on the bright side, might the industry look after five years of accelerated development? 26 According to the author, the deeper problems of aviation industry_. （ A） a
34、re the effects of various disasters （ B） are actually not fully recognized （ C） are attracting a lot of attention （ D） are not the real cause of airlines bankruptcy 27 One of the facts that reflect the primitiveness of airline industry is _. （ A） its history is much longer than that of car industry
35、（ B） it is composed of international and domestic carriers （ C） its market is divided by many a relatively small carrier （ D） it is still an industry of comparatively low profits 28 What does the author mean by “Aviation has been incompletely deregulated.“(Para. 3)? （ A） Governmental restrictions ar
36、e still imposed on aviation industry in many areas. （ B） Governments help establish rules for aviation industry only in America and Europe. （ C） Some countries hope to help their national carriers keep up their national prestige. （ D） Many countries discourage merger plans between foreign and domest
37、ic carriers. 29 It can be inferred from the passage that _. （ A） free competition may help solve the problems confronting aviation industry （ B） problems in America are more of a political nature than that in Europe （ C） car industry should exert a more powerful influence on aviation industry （ D） t
38、here is still a long way to go before the problems can be solved 30 According to Fredrick Reid, the aviation industry _. （ A） is facing a very serious situation （ B） will confront a difficult evolution （ C） has no way out of the present difficulty （ D） will experience a radical reform 31 Media mogul
39、 Ted Turner yesterday sold more than half of his AOL Time Warner Inc. holdings for about $780 million, a move that reflects his efforts to slash his financial stake in the media giant. After the close of regular trading yesterday, Turner sold a block of 60 million shares to Goldman Sachs words lonel
40、y written words are all youve got. And that goes for your correspondent as well. Holding a conversation online whether its an email exchange or a response to a discussion group posting its easy to misinterpret your correspondents meaning and its frighteningly easy to forget that your correspondent i
41、s a person with feelings more or less like your own. Yes, you may use your network connections to express yourself freely, explore strange new worlds, and boldly go where youve never gone before. But remember the Prime Directive of Netiquette: Those are real people out there. (42)_. In real life, mo
42、st people are fairly law-abiding, either by disposition or because were afraid of getting caught. In cyberspace, the chances of getting caught sometimes seem slim. And, perhaps because people sometimes forget that theres a human being on the other side of the computer, some people think that a lower
43、 standard of ethics or personal behavior is acceptable in cyberspace. The confusion may be understandable, but these people are mistaken. Standards of behavior may be different in some areas of cyberspace, but they are not lower than in real life. (43)_. Whats perfectly acceptable in one area may be
44、 dreadfully rude in another. For example, in most TV discussion groups, passing on idle gossip is perfectly permissible. But throwing around unsubstantiated rumors in a journalists mailing list will make you very unpopular there. And because Netiquette is different in different places, thus, lurk be
45、fore you leap. When you enter a domain of cyberspace thats new to you, take a look around. Spend a while listening to the chat or reading the archives. Get a sense of how the people who are already there act. Then go ahead and participate. (44)_. Networks particularly discussion groups let you reach
46、 out to people youd otherwise never meet. And none of them can see you. You wont be judged by the color of your skin, eyes, or hair, your weight, your age, or your clothing. You will, however, be judged by the quality of your writing. So spelling and grammar do count. Also, pay attention to the cont
47、ent of your writing. Be sure you know what youre talking aboutwhen you see yourself writing “its my understanding that“ or “I believe its the case,“ ask yourself whether you really want to post this note before checking your facts. Finally, be pleasant and polite. Dont use offensive language, and do
48、nt be confrontational for the sake o confrontation. (45)_. The strength of cyberspace is in its, numbers. The reason asking questions online works is that a lot of knowledgeable people are reading the questions. And if even a few of them offer intelligent answers, the sum total of world knowledge in
49、creases. The Internet itself was founded and grew because scientists wanted to share information. Gradually, the rest of us got in on the act. So do your part. Dont be afraid to share what you know. Its especially polite to share the results of your questions with others. When you anticipate that youll get a lot of answers to a question, or when you post a question to a discussion gro
