1、考研英语模拟试卷 180及答案与解析 一、 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 1 Greg Focker, played by Ben Stiller, represents a generation of American kids (1)_ in the 1980s on the philosophy that any achieveme
2、nt, however slight, (2)_ a ribbon. (3)_ replaced punishment; criticism became a dirty word. In Texas, teachers were advised to (4)_ using red ink, the colour of (5)_. In California, a task force was set up to (6)_ the concept of self worth into the education system. Swathing youngsters in a (7)_ shi
3、eld of self-esteem, went the philosophy, would protect them from the nasty things in life, such as bad school grades, underage sex, drug abuse, dead-end jobs and criminality. (8)_ that the ninth-place ribbons are in danger of strangling the (9)_ children they were Supposed to help. Americas (10)_ wi
4、th self-esteem like all developments in psychology, it gradually (11)_ its way to Britain has turned children who were (12)_ with (13)_ into adults who (14)_ at even the mildest brickbats. Many believe that the feel-good culture has risen at the (15)_ of traditional education, an opinion espoused in
5、 a new book, Dumbing Down Our Kids: Why American Children Feel Good About Themselves But Cant Read, Write, or Add, by the conservative commentator Charles Sykes. Not only that, but the foundations (16)_ which the self-esteem industry is built are being (17)_ as decidedly shaky. Roy Baumeister, profe
6、ssor of psychology at Florida State University and once a self-esteem enthusiast, is now (18)_ a revision of the populist orthodoxy. “After all these years, Im sorry to say, my recommendation is this: forget about self-esteem and (19)_ more on self-control and self-discipline,“ he wrote recently. “R
7、ecent work suggests this would be good for the individual and good for society and might even be able to (20)_ some of those promises that self-esteem once made but could not keep.“ （ A） born （ B） cared （ C） yielded （ D） reared （ A） preserved （ B） deserved （ C） reserved （ D） conserved （ A） Apprehens
8、ion （ B） Plausibility （ C） Approval （ D） Resentment （ A） forbid （ B） ban （ C） avoid （ D） evade （ A） reproach （ B） apprehension （ C） error （ D） mistake （ A） reject （ B） inject （ C） project （ D） deject （ A） sturdy （ B） elastic （ C） flexible （ D） smooth （ A） Now （ B） Despite （ C） For （ D） Except （ A） e
9、xactly （ B） very （ C） specific （ D） special （ A） possession （ B） repulsion （ C） obsession （ D） compulsion （ A） wandered （ B） came （ C） filtered （ D） went （ A） packed （ B） scrambled （ C） filled （ D） showered （ A） compliments （ B） complacency （ C） flattering （ D） boast （ A） fumble （ B） crumple （ C） st
10、umble （ D） stagger （ A） fare （ B） expenditure （ C） expense （ D） risk （ A） for （ B） on （ C） to （ D） in （ A） supposed （ B） composed （ C） disposed （ D） exposed （ A） deciding （ B） forcing （ C） pioneering （ D） imposing （ A） put （ B） cut （ C） condense （ D） concentrate （ A） fill （ B） take （ C） commit （ D）
11、bring Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points) 21 We have known for a long time that the organization of any particular society is influenced by the definition of the sexes and the distinction drawn between them. But
12、 we have realized only recently that the identity of each sex is not so easy to pin down, and that definitions evolve in accordance with different types of culture known to us, that is, scientific discoveries and ideological revolutions. Our nature is not considered as immutable, either socially or
13、biologically. As we approach the beginning of the 21st century, the substantial progress made in biology and genetics is radically challenging the roles, responsibilities and specific characteristics attributed to each sex, and yet, scarcely twenty years ago, these were thought to be “beyond dispute
14、“. We can safely say, with a few minor exceptions, that the definition of the sexes and their respective functions remained unchanged in the West from the beginning of the 19th century to the 1960s. The role distinction, raised in some cases to the status of uncompromising dualism on a strongly hier
15、archical model, lasted throughout this period, appealing for its justification to nature, religion and customs alleged to have existed since the dawn of time. The woman bore children and took care of the home. The man set out to conquer the world and was responsible for the survival of his family, b
16、y satisfying their needs in peacetime and going to war when necessary. The entire world order rested on the divergence of the sexes. Any overlapping or confusion between the roles was seen as a threat to the time-honored order of things. It was felt to be against nature, a deviation from the norm. S
17、ex roles were determined according to the “place“ appropriate to each. Womens place was, first and foremost, in the home. The outside world, i.e. workshops, factories and business firms, belonged to men. This sex-based division of the world (private and public) gave rise to a strict dichotomy betwee
18、n the attitudes, which conferred on each its special identity. The woman, sequestered at home, “cared, nurtured and conserved“. To do this, she had no need to be daring, ambitious, tough or competitive. The man, on the other hand, competing with his fellow men, was caught up every day in the struggl
19、e for survival, and hence developed those characteristics which were thought natural in a man. Today, many women go out to work, and their reasons for doing so have changed considerably. Besides the traditional financial incentives, we find ambition and personal fulfillment motivating those in the m
20、ost favorable circumstances, and the wish to have a social life and to get out of their domestic isolation influencing others. Above all, for all women, work is invariably connected with the desire for independence. Notes: immutable 不可改变的 dualism 双重论 divergence 分歧，偏离 overlapping 部分巧合、一致 time-honored
21、 由来已久的 dichotomy 一分为二，对立 sequester 使隔离 be caught up in 被缠住于： He is caught up in the trivia (琐事 ) of everyday things unduly 过渡地，不恰当地 21 It is only in recent years that we have recognized that （ A） there is almost no clue to the identity of both sexes. （ B） the role distinction between different sexes
22、 is conspicuous. （ C） the different definitions of sexes bears on the development of culture. （ D） the progress of civilization greatly influences the role definitions of sexes. 22 From paragraph 1 we can infer that it is now possible for women to embark on a career because （ A） the change in sex ro
23、les is out of the question. （ B） womens lib has been going on for many years. （ C） ideas about the roles of women have been changing. （ D） the expansion of sciences scarcely remolds the womens roles. 23 The author believes that sex discrimination in the West before the 1960s was （ A） preferable. （ B
24、） prevalent. （ C） presumable. （ D） precedent. 24 According to the fourth paragraph, the author seems to think that （ A） female passivity is natural. （ B） men and women are physically identical. （ C） men are born competitive and aggressive. （ D） some different sex identity is acquired. 25 According t
25、o the author, which of the following is the most important reason for women to go to work? （ A） Wish to claim their rights and freedom. （ B） Ambition and self-fulfillment. （ C） Financial incentives. （ D） Desire for a social life. 26 The domestic economy in the United States expanded in a remarkably
26、vigorous and steady fashion. The revival in consumer confidence was reflected in the higher proportion of incomes spent for goods and services and the marked increase in consumer willingness to take on installment debt. A parallel strengthening in business psychology was manifested in a stepped-up r
27、ate of plant and equipment spending and a gradual pickup in expenses for inventory. Confidence in the economy was also reflected in the strength of the stock market and in the stability of the bond market. For the year as a whole, consumer and business sentiment benefited from the ease in East-West
28、tensions. The bases of the business expansion were to be found mainly in the stimulative monetary and fiscal policies that had been pursued. Moreover, the restoration of sounder liquidity positions and tighter management control of production efficiency had also helped lay the groundwork for a stron
29、g expansion. In addition, the economic policy moves made by the President had served to renew optimism on the business outlook while boosting hopes that inflation would be brought under more effective control. Finally, of course, the economy was able to grow as vigorously as it did because sufficien
30、t leeway existed in terms of idle men and machines. The United States balance of payments deficit declined sharply. Nevertheless, by any other test, the deficit remained very large, and there was actually a substantial deterioration in our trade account to a sizable deficit, almost two thirds of whi
31、ch was with Japan. While the overall trade performance proved disappointing, there are still good reasons for expecting the delayed impact of devaluation to produce in time a significant strengthening in our trade picture. Given the size of the Japanese component of our trade deficit, however, the o
32、utcome will depend importantly on the extent of the corrective measures undertaken by Japan. Also important will be our own efforts in the United States to fashion internal policies consistent with an improvement in our external balance. The underlying task of public policy for the year ahead and in
33、deed for the longer run remained a familiar one: to strike the right balance between encouraging healthy economic growth and avoiding inflationary pressures. With the economy showing sustained and vigorous growth, and with the currency crisis highlighting the need to improve our competitive posture
34、internationally, the emphasis seemed to be shifting to the problem of inflation. The Phase Three program of wage and price restraint can contribute to reducing inflation. Unless productivity growth is unexpectedly large, however, the expansion of real output must eventually begin to slow down to the
35、 economys larger run growth potential if generalized demand pressures on prices are to be avoided. Notes: inventory 存贷 East-West tensions 东西方紧张局势 fiscal (怀国库的钱有关的 )财务的 (常指税收 ) liquidity 周转率，清偿力 leeway 余地 given 鉴于，由于 the Phase Three program 第三阶段计划 26 The author mentions increased installment debt in
36、the first paragraph in order to show （ A） the continuing expansion of the economy. （ B） the growth of consumer purchasing power. （ C） the consumers confidence in the economy. （ D） the soaring consumer incomes for spending. 27 Paragraph 2 mainly deals with （ A） the revival of stronger liquidity posit
37、ions. （ B） the stimulative monetary and fiscal policies. （ C） the causes of business development for the period. （ D） economic policy measures suggested by the President. 28 It can be inferred from the third paragraph that the authors attitude toward the reduction of the international payments defic
38、it seems （ A） bitter-sweet. （ B） optimistic. （ C） sympathetic. （ D） depressing. 29 Part of the public policy task, as outlined in the text, is to （ A） prevent payments deficit. （ B） avoid inflationary pressures. （ C） devalue the dollar. （ D） increase the balance of trade. 30 It can be learned from t
39、he last paragraph that the Phase Three program contained （ A） reduced government spending. （ B） devaluation of the dollar. （ C） productivity measures. （ D） wage and price controls. 31 Shopping has always been something of an impulse activity, in which objects that catch our fancy while strolling are
40、 immediately bought on a whim. Advertisers and sellers have taken advantage of this fact, carefully positioning inexpensive but attractive items on paths that we are most likely to cross, hoping that our human nature will lead to a greater profit for them. With the dawn of the Internet and its explo
41、ding use across the world, the same tactics apply. Advertisers now place “banners“, links to commercial web sites decorated with attractive pictures designed to catch our eyes while browsing the webs, on key web sites with heavy traffic. They pay top dollar for the right, thus creating profits for t
42、he hosting web sites as well. These actions are performed in the hopes that during the course of our casual and leisurely web surfing, well click on that banner that sparks our interest and thus, in theory, buy the products advertised. Initial results have been positive. Web sites report a huge infl
43、ow of cash, both from the advertisers who tempt customers in with the banners and the hosting web sites, which are paid for allowing the banners to be put in place. As trust and confidence in Internet buying increases and information security is heightened with new technology, the volume of buying i
44、s increasing, leading to even greater profits. The current situation, however, is not quite as optimistic. Just as magazine readers tend to unconsciously ignore advertisements in their favorite periodicals, web browsers are beginning to allow banners to slip their notice as well. Internet users resp
45、ond to the flood of banners by viewing them as annoyances, a negative image that is hurting sales, since users are now less reluctant to click on those banners, preferring not to support the system that puts them in place. If Internet advertising is to continue to be a viable and profitable business
46、 practice, new methods will need to be considered to reinvigorate the industry. With the recent depression in the technology sector and slowing economy, even new practices may not do the trick. As consumers are saving more and frequenting traditional real estate businesses over their Internet counte
47、rparts, the fate of Internet business is called into question. The coming years will be the only reliable indication of whether shopping on the World Wide Web is the wave of the future or simply an impulse activity whose whim has passed. Notes: on a whim 心血来潮 surf v. 冲浪 in theory 在理论上，顺理成章 hosting 访
48、问率高的 call. into question质疑，对 提出疑问 31 It can be learned from the first paragraph that Internet advertising （ A） has taken the place of more traditional methods of advertising. （ B） is one of the most effective ways to make profits on the web. （ C） is paralleling advertising methods in traditional bus
49、iness settings. （ D） seeks to tempt customers through impulse shopping methods. 32 The second and third paragraphs are written in order to illustrate （ A） the policy Internet advertisers design to lure clientele and its outcome. （ B） the process and mixed consequences of Internet advertising and shopping. （ C） the biggest splash Internet advertisers have recently made in sales promotions. （ D） the banners Internet advertisers take advantage of to arouse customers interest. 33 Analyzing the
