1、考研英语模拟试卷 190及答案与解析 一、 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 1 It has been necessary to refer repeatedly to the effects of the two world wars in promoting all kind of innovation. It should be (1
2、)_ also that technological innovations have (2)_ the character of war itself by the (3)_ of new mechanical and chemical device. One weapon developed during World War II (4)_ a special mention. The (5)_ of rocket propulsions was well known earlier, and its possibilities as a (6)_ of achieving speeds
3、sufficient to escape from the Earths gravitational pull had been (7)_ by the Russian and the American scientists. The latter built experimental liquid-fuelled rockets in 1926. (8)_, a group of German and Romanian pioneers was working (9)_ the same lines and in the 1930s, it was this team that develo
4、ped a rocket (10)_ of delivering a warhead hundreds of miles away. Reaching a height of over 100 miles, the V-2 rocket (11)_ the beginning of the Space Age, and members of its design team were (12)_ in both the Soviet and United States space programs after the war. Technology had a tremendous social
5、 (13)_ in the period 1900 1945. The automobile and electric power, (14)_, radically changed both the scale and the quality of 20th-century life, (15)_ a process of rapid urbanization and a virtual revolution (16)_ living through mass production of household goods and (17)_ The rapid development of t
6、he airplane, the cinema, and radio made the world seem suddenly smaller and more (18)_. The development of many products of the chemical industry further transformed the life of most people. In the years (19)_ 1945 the constructive and creative opportunities of modern technology could be (20)_, alth
7、ough the process has not been without its problems. （ A） notified （ B） observed （ C） commented （ D） detected （ A） transformed （ B） imitated （ C） innovated （ D） simulated （ A） introduction （ B） innovation （ C） elimination （ D） alteration （ A） requires （ B） entitles （ C） furnishes （ D） deserves （ A） p
8、rinciple （ B） discipline （ C） strategy （ D） doctrine （ A） methods （ B） means （ C） equipment （ D） medium （ A） taken over （ B） handed over （ C） carded out （ D） pointed out （ A） Simultaneously （ B） Advantageously （ C） Spontaneously （ D） Instantaneously （ A） across （ B） at （ C） along （ D） with （ A） capa
9、ble （ B） able （ C） possible （ D） suitable （ A） spoiled （ B） informed （ C） labeled （ D） marked （ A） instrumental （ B） mechanical （ C） structural （ D） integral （ A） influence （ B） connection （ C） impact （ D） conflict （ A） on the other hand （ B） as a result （ C） on the contrary （ D） for instance （ A） e
10、ncouraging （ B） urging （ C） promoting （ D） assisting （ A） by （ B） in （ C） through （ D） on （ A） appliances （ B） utilities （ C） instruments （ D） equipment （ A） perceptive （ B） accessible （ C） complex （ D） controversial （ A） preceding （ B） previous （ C） subsequent （ D） following （ A） exploited （ B） app
11、lied （ C） adopted （ D） processed Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points) 21 Everybody loathes it, but everybody does it A recent poll showed that 20% of Americans hate the practice. It seems so arbitrary, after all.
12、 Why does a barman get a tip, but not a doctor who saves lives? In America alone, tipping is now a $16 billion-a-year industry. Consumers acting rationally ought not to pay more than they have to for a given service. Tips should not exist. So why do they? The conventional wisdom is that tips both re
13、ward the efforts of good service and reduce uncomfortable feelings of inequality. The better the service, the bigger the tip. Such explanations no doubt explain the purported origin of tipping in the 16th century, boxes in English taverns carried the phrase “To Insure Promptitude“(later just “TIP“).
14、 But according to new research from Cornell University, tipping no longer serves any useful function. The paper analyses data from 2,327 groups dining at 20 different restaurants. The correlation between larger tips and better service was very weak: only a tiny part of the variability in the size of
15、 the tip had anything to do with the quality of service. Customers who rated a meal as “excellent“ still tipped anywhere between 8% and 17% of the meal price. Tipping is better explained by culture than by economics. In America, the custom has become institutionalized: it is regarded as part of the
16、accepted cost of a service. In a New York restaurant, failing to tip at least 15% could well mean abuse from the waiter. Hairdressers can expect to get 15-20%, the man who delivers your groceries $2. In Europe, tipping is less common; in many restaurants, discretionary tipping is being replaced by a
17、 standard service charge. In many Asian countries, tipping has never really caught on at all. How to account for these national differences? Look no further than psychology. According to Michael Lynn, the Cornell papers co-author, countries in which people are more extrovert, sociable or neurotic te
18、nd to tip more. Tipping relieves anxiety about being served by strangers. And, says Mr. Lynn, “In America, where people are outgoing and expressive, tipping is about social approval, ff you tip badly, people think less of you. Tipping well is a chance to show off.“ Icelanders, by contrast, do not us
19、ually tip a measure of their introversion, no doubt. While such explanations may be crude, the hard truth seems to be that tipping does not work. It does not benefit the customer. Nor, in the case of restaurants, does it actually stimulate the waiter, or help the restaurant manager to monitor and as
20、sess his staff. Service people should “just be paid a decent wage“ which may actually make economic sense. 21 It is implied in the passage that_. （ A） it is a universal regular for the customers to pay a tip for good service （ B） there exists the tipping custom in each country （ C） in some countries
21、, tipping has become an industry （ D） more and more people are in favor of tipping 22 What can we know about the origin of “tip“? （ A） It originated from the English inn service. （ B） The original purpose of tip was to ensure that waiter could get more money. （ C） The waiter threatened the customers
22、 with bad service if no tips were given. （ D） It originated in a small English village. 23 We can get the information from the article that_. （ A） tipping is very popular in European countries （ B） in Asian countries tipping never existed （ C） tipping is more popular in America than in Europe （ D） t
23、ipping is popular in America because the Americans are much richer 24 People who dine in a New York restaurant_. （ A） are not expected to give any tip to the waiter or waitress （ B） had better tip more than 15% so as not to be shamed （ C） may be looked down upon when offering a considerable tip （ D）
24、 are thought of as generous if they tip 15% 25 The author thinks that_. （ A） tipping can benefit greatly a countrys economic growth （ B） tipping can ensure the quality of service a customer receives （ C） tipping can improve a countrys cultural environment （ D） tipping is not conductive tertiary indu
25、stry 26 Like street comer prophets proclaiming that the end is near, scientists who study the earths atmosphere have been issuing predictions of impending doom for the past few years without offering any concrete proof. So far even the experts have had to admit that no solid evidence has emerged tha
26、t this is anything but a natural phenomenon. And the uncertainty has given skeptics-especially Gingrichian politicians plenty of ammunition to argue against taking the difficult, expensive steps required to stave off a largely hypothetical calamity. Until now, a draft report currently circulating on
27、 the Internet asserts that the global temperature rise can now be blamed, at least in part, on human activity. Statements like this have been made before by individual researchers-who have been criticized for going too far beyond the scientific consensus. But this report comes from the International
28、 Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), a respected UN sponsored body made up of more than 1,300 leading climate experts from 40 nations. This shift in scientific consensus is based not so much on new data as on improvements in the complex computer models that climatologists use to test their theories. Unl
29、ike chemists or molecular biologists, climate experts have no way to do lab experiments on their specialty. So they simulate them on supercomputers and look at what happens when human generated gases-carbon dioxide from industry and auto exhaust, methane from agriculture, chlorofluoro carbons from l
30、eaky refrigerators and spray cans-are pumped into the models virtual atmospheres. Until recently, the computer models werent working very well. When the scientists tried to simulate what they believe has been happening over the past century or so, the results didnt mesh with reality; the models said
31、 the world should now he warmer than it actually is. The reason is that the computer models had been overlooking an important factor affecting global temperatures: sulfur dioxides that are produced along with CO2 when fossil fuels are burned in cars and power plants. Aerosols actually cool the plane
32、t by blocking sunlight and mask the effects of global warming. Once the scientists factored in aerosols, their models began looking more like the real world. The improved performance of the simulations was demonstrated in 1991, when they successfully predicted temperature changes in the aftermath of
33、 the massive Mount Pinatubo eruption in the Philippines. A number of studies since have added to the scientists confidence that they finally know what they are talking about-and can predict what may happen if greenhouse gases continue to be pumped into the atmosphere unchecked. 26 Gingrichian politi
34、cians reluctant to address the problem because_. （ A） they think it is anything but a natural phenomenon （ B） the efforts may turn to be too difficult and expensive （ C） they think the predicted disaster is only hypothetical （ D） some scientists have gone too far beyond the scientific consensus 27 A
35、 draft report currently circulating on the Internet_. （ A） confirms humans are partly responsible for global temperature rise （ B） criticizes some individual researchers for going too far from scientific truth （ C） reports a respected UN sponsored body （ D） arouses the interest of more than 1,500 le
36、ading climate experts 28 The new findings about global climate change are based on_. （ A） new data （ B） the virtual models （ C） lab experiments （ D） scientists observation 29 The computer models failed to picture reality because_. （ A） they only simulate what has happened over the past century （ B）
37、they are wrongly programmed （ C） scientists didnt take aerosols into consideration （ D） too many chemicals are produced along with CO2 30 The simulated computer models are proved reliable when_. （ A） an important factor affecting global temperature is included in the simulations （ B） an increasing n
38、umber of scientists show confidence in the computer models （ C） they successfully predicted temperature changes after a volcano eruption （ D） a number of studies produce more positive results 31 A patent is an exclusive right given to an inventor for his or her invention. In other words, a patent is
39、 a monopoly right given to the inventor for the invention. A patent confers on the inventor the right to price and to sell the invention in any way he or she desires, in the United States, patents are granted by the Patent Office for 17 years. Although economists generally condemn monopoly as a form
40、 of market organization since monopoly imposes costs on the economy, patents present a more subtle case for monopoly theory. Specifically, can patent monopolies be justified? In general, economists complain about the costs of monopoly because they believe that the same industry could be organized co
41、mpetitively. A patent monopoly grant for 17 years presents a different problem. That is, the purpose of the patent system is to encourage invention. The issue is not monopoly versus competition but, more fundamentally, invention versus no invention. Is the world better off with the invention, even t
42、hough it is monopolized for 17 years? In other words, what are the costs and benefits of a patent? Consider the simple case of a new consumer product with a positive demand, such as a camera utilizing a new exposure process. The costs of the patent monopoly are simply the deadweight costs of monopol
43、y measured by the lost consumers surplus from the 17-year patent monopoly. This cost must be assessed carefully in the context of an invention, however. What are the benefits of the patent system? First, there is the increase in consumer well-being brought about immediately by a desirable invention.
44、 In 17 years, the patent monopoly ends, and a second source of benefits arises: The price of cameras will fall to a competitive level, and consumers will reap the benefits of the camera at a lower price. In sum, theory of monopoly helps us to assess the costs and benefits of the patent. One can quib
45、ble about patent monopolies, arguing, for example, that they are granted for too long a time. In the end, the patent system creates goods and services and technologies that did not previously exist. In this respect it is a valuable System for the economy. The patent system also underscores the impor
46、tance of property rights to ideas as a source of economic growth and progress. 31 The first paragraph mainly_. （ A） focuses on business monopoly （ B） tells us about the patent system in America （ C） discusses a special form of market organization （ D） defines what a patent is and its function 32 The
47、 second paragraph suggests strongly_. （ A） the contradictory nature of the patent system （ B） the importance of the patent system （ C） the benefits of the patent system （ D） the monopoly of the patent system 33 The costs of the patent monopoly_. （ A） are measured by how much the consumers have lost
48、in 17 years （ B） are measured by what the consumers have lost in 17 years （ C） can be determined by the lost consumers surplus from the 17 year patent monopoly （ D） should be determined in the context of an invention 34 What benefit can the patent system offer when the patent expires? （ A） An increa
49、se in consumer well-being. （ B） A reduced price for consumers. （ C） Higher productivity. （ D） The promotion of a desirable invention. 35 The patent system is valuable for the economy in that_. （ A） it creates goods and services and technologies that did not exist previously （ B） it gives an incentive to the inventor to publicize his research findings （ C） it highlights the importance of property rights to ideas （ D） it is a sour
