1、考研英语模拟试卷 191及答案与解析 一、 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 1 Everything seemed to have become a weapon of war. Our enemies had (1)_ the most familiar objects (2)_ us, turned shaving kits into
2、holsters and airplanes (3)_ missiles and soccer coaches and newlyweds into involuntary suicide bombers. So it was (4)_ the President and his generals to plot the response. That is because we are (5)_ one enemy but two: one unseen, the other inside. Terror on this scale (6)_ to wreck the way we live
3、our lives make us flinch when a siren sounds, (7)_ when a door slams and think twice before deciding (8)_ we really have to take a plane. If we falter, they win, (9)_ they never plant another bomb. So after the early helplessness, what can I do? Ive already given blood-people started to realize that
4、 (10)_ they could do was exactly, as precisely as possible, (11)_ they would have done if all this (12)_. That was the spirit (13)_ in New York and Washington and all across the country, faith and fear and resolve in a tight braid. Because the killers who hate us did the (14)_, nothing is unthinkabl
5、e now. A plume of grill smoke venting from a Manhattan steak house (15)_ the evacuation of midtown office towers. After the Pentagon (16)_, generals called their families and told them (17)_ the water, it could be poisoned. Sales of guns and gas masks spiked. The National Football League (18)_ its g
6、ames for the first time ever; bomb scares emptied 90 sites on Thursday in New York City (19)_. People wore sneakers with their suits (20)_ they had to fly fast down the stairs. （ A） used （ B） change （ C） applied （ D） turned （ A） fight （ B） struggle （ C） against （ D） opposite （ A） to （ B） out （ C） in
7、to （ D） with （ A） from （ B） for （ C） by （ D） up to （ A） fighting not （ B） not fighting （ C） not to fight （ D） not fought （ A） means （ B） is meant （ C） meant （ D） is meaning （ A） jump （ B） jumping （ C） jumped （ D） to jump （ A） if （ B） whether （ C） when （ D） how （ A） if （ B） even （ C） until （ D） even
8、if （ A） what （ B） that （ C） which （ D） who （ A） whenever （ B） whoever （ C） whatever （ D） however （ A） did not happen （ B） hadnt happened （ C） havent happened （ D） would not happened （ A） build （ B） built （ C） building （ D） has built （ A） thoughtless （ B） unthinkable （ C） thought （ D） thoughtful （ A）
9、 leading （ B） led （ C） leads to （ D） leading to （ A） hit （ B） was hit （ C） attacking （ D） being attacked （ A） not to drink （ B） to drink not （ C） not drink （ D） drink not （ A） forbade （ B） prohibited （ C） canceled （ D） cut down （ A） only （ B） just （ C） merely （ D） alone （ A） in case （ B） when （ C） s
10、o long as （ D） if only Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points) 21 Generally a saving in energy consumption is insufficient incentive for the consumer to purchase new cooking equipment unless other improvements (e.g.
11、 shorter cooking periods, fewer cleaning difficulties and improved appearance) are available as well. For the individual, there is a natural reticence to incur rapid changes because of the valid economic desire to exploit existing capital investment to the maximum: this is the major problem with man
12、y proposed energy-thrift measures. However, caterers should appreciate that by reducing energy wastages; they will not only be saving money, but also improving the working environment within their kitchens. Retro-fitting existing cookers with energy-conservation improvements in order to raise achiev
13、able efficiencies will occur only rarely. For the most immediate significant impact nationally, with respect to reducing the energy expended upon cooking, better management is recommended. Lawson suggested that about 16 PJ per year could be saved in the British catering sector by adopting improved o
14、perational practices. If only 10% of the energy used for catering purposes in the domestic sector could also be saved, overall national savings would amount to approximately 44 PJ per annum. To achieve this aim, a comprehensive and straight-forward program of energy-thrift education for housewives,
15、cooks and kitchen managers is needed. This will require all concerned to exercise considerable personal discipline. The present approach, whereby individuals make purchasing decisions mainly on visual and first-cost grounds-partly because the cooking appliance and food manufacturing industries rarel
16、y provide adequate scientific data to support their claims should be supplemented by other considerations. Food is too fundamental to human life, health and happiness to be considered an unworthy subject by intellectuals. For example, even the typical Briton (who tends to be casual about eating comp
17、ared with most of his foreign counterparts) spends between 5% and 13% of his waking hours preparing, cooking and/or cleaning away after meals. Nevertheless, energy wastage prevails both on a national scale (e.g. storing vast quantities of food at sub-ambient temperatures in so-called food mountains)
18、; and on an individual scale (e.g. performing hob operations without placing lids on the pans employed). 21 If energy wastages are to be reduced, cooks_. （ A） can only save money （ B） should increase the cooking efficiency （ C） need to have the knowledge of food manufacture （ D） will enjoy better wo
19、rking environment in their kitchens 22 What does “reticence“ in the first paragraph mean? （ A） Inclination. （ B） Restraint. （ C） Expectation. （ D） Contact. 23 Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the text? （ A） Consumers take other factors into consideration when buying cooking
20、 equipments. （ B） Retro-fitting existing cookers to raise achievable efficiencies will occur only rarely. （ C） People have valid desire to exploit existing capital investment to the maximum. （ D） Consumers buy a new cooking equipment only for the purpose of saving energy. 24 To save energy, cooks an
21、d kitchen managers should receive_. （ A） cooking technique education （ B） energy-saving education （ C） comprehensive education （ D） capital investment education 25 Food is so fundamental to human life that_. （ A） we should reduce energy wastages （ B） many people take it for granted （ C） cooking equi
22、pment is important （ D） intellectuals pay great attention to it 26 Centuries ago, man discovered that removing moisture from food helps to preserve it, and that the easiest way to do this is to expose the food to sun and wind. In this way the North American Indians produce pemmican, the Scandinavian
23、s make stockfish and the Arabs dry dates and apricot leather. All foods contain water-cabbage and other leaf vegetables contain as much as 93% water, potatoes and other root vegetables 80%, lean meat 75% and fish anything from 80% to 60% depending on how fatty it is. If this water is removed, the ac
24、tivity of the bacteria that cause food to deteriorate is checked. Fruit is sun-dried in Asia Minor, Greece, Spain and other Mediterranean countries, and also in California, South Africa and Australia. The methods used vary, but in general, the fruit is spread out on trays in drying yards in the hot
25、sun. In order to prevent darkening, pears, peaches and apricots are exposed to the fumes of burning sulfur before drying. Plums, for making prunes, and certain varieties of grapes for making raisins and currants, are dipped in an alkaline solution in order to crack the skins of the fruit slightly an
26、d remove their wax coating, so increasing the rate of drying. Nowadays most foods are dried mechanically. The conventional method of such dehydration is to put food in chambers through which hot air is blown at temperatures of about 110 at entry to about 43 at exit. This is the usual method for dryi
27、ng such things as vegetables, minced meat, and fish. Liquids such as milk, coffee, tea, soups and eggs may be dried by pouring them over a heated horizontal steel cylinder or by spraying them into a chamber through which a current of hot air passes. In the first case, the dried material is scraped o
28、ff the roller as a thin film which is then broken up into small, though still relatively coarse flakes;“ in the second process it falls to the bottom of the chamber as a fine powder. Where recognizable pieces of meat and vegetables are required, as in soup, the ingredients are dried separately and t
29、hen mixed. Dried foods take up less room and weigh less than the same food packed in cans or frozen, and they do not need to be stored in special conditions. For these reasons they are invaluable to climbers, explorers and soldiers in battle, who have little storage space. They are also popular with
30、 housewives because it takes so little time to cook them. Usually it is just a case of replacing the dried-out moisture with boiling water. 26 The shrimps contain as much water as_. （ A） 75% （ B） 93% （ C） 23% （ D） 85% 27 How is the fruit sun-dried in South Africa? （ A） It is made into raisins and cu
31、rrants. （ B） It is spread out in an alkaline solution. （ C） It is exposed to the fumes, of burning sulfur. （ D） It is put on trays in dry place in the hot sun. 28 Contemporarily the minced meat is most commonly dried_. （ A） in the sun and wind （ B） in bet-air chamber （ C） on the open-air trays （ D）
32、over a hot steel cylinder 29 How is the powdered milk made according to the passage? （ A） By passing through a grinding machine. （ B） In the same way as vegetables and fish. （ C） With the help of the small and coarse flakes. （ D） Through pouring it over a heated horizontal cylinder. 30 Housewives li
33、ke dried foods because _. （ A） they are quick to prepare （ B） they weigh less than the same canned foods （ C） they are much better than the frozen foods （ D） they can be replaced by moisture with boiling water 31 Every year 100 million holiday-makers are drawn to the Mediterranean. With one third of
34、 the worlds tourist trade, it is the most popular of all the holiday destinations: it is also the most polluted. It has only 1 percent of the worlds sea surface, but carries more than half the oil and tar floating on the waters. Thousands of factories pour their poison into the Mediterranean, and al
35、most every city, town and village on the coast sluices its sewage, untreated, into the sea. The result is that the Mediterranean, which nurtured so many civilizations, is gravely ill-the first of the seas to fall victim to the abilities and attitudes that evolved around it. And the population does n
36、ot merely stifle the life of the sea-it threatens the people who inhabit and visit its shores. Typhoid, paratyphoid, dysentery, polio, viral hepatitis and food poisoning are endemic in the area, and there are periodic outbreaks of cholera. The mournful litany of disease is caused by sewage. Eight-fi
37、ve percent of the waste from the Mediterraneans 120 coastal cities is pushed out into the waters where their people and visitors bathe and fish. What is more, most cities just drop it in straight off the beach; rare indeed are the places like Cannes and Tel Aviv which pipe it even half a mile offsho
38、re. Less than 100, 000 of Greeces four million coastal people have their sewage properly treated-and Greece, is one of the cleaner countries of the northern shore. The worst parts of the sea are Israeli/Lebanon coast and between Barcelona and Genoa, which flushes out over 200 tons of sewage each yea
39、r for every mile of its length. Not surprisingly, vast areas of the shallows are awash with bacteria and it doesnt take long for these to reach people. Professor William Brumfit of the Royal Free Hospital once calculated that anyone who goes for a swim in the Mediterranean has a one in seven chance
40、of getting some sort of disease. Other scientists say this is an overestimate; but almost all of them agree that bathers are at risk. An even greater danger lurks in the seductive seafood dishes that add so much interest to holiday menu. Shellfish are prime carriers of many of the most vicious disea
41、ses of the area. They often grow amid pollution. And even if they dont they are frequently infected by the popular practice of “freshening them up“ throwing filthy water over them in markets. Industry adds its own poisons. Factories cluster round the coastline, and even the most modern rarely has pr
42、oper waste-treatment plant. They do as much damage to the sea as sewage. Fifteen thousand factories foul the Italian Lihurian Riviera. Sixty thousand pollute the Tyrrhenian Sea between Sardinia, Sicily and the west Italian coast! The lagoon of Venice alone receives the effluents of 76 factories. Tho
43、usands of tons of pesticides are blown off the fields into the sea, detergents from millions of sinks kill fish, and fertilizers, flushed out to sea, nourish explosions of plankton which cover bathers with itchy slime. Then there is the oil 130,000 tons pouring each year from ships, 115,000 tons mor
44、e from industries round the shore. Recent studies show that the Mediterranean is four times as polluted as the north Atlantic, 20 times as bad as the north-east Pacific. Apart from the nine-mile-wide Strait of Gibraltar, the Mediterranean is landlocked, virtually unable to cleanse itself. It takes 8
45、0 years for the water to be renewed, through the narrow, shallow straits, far too slow a process to cope with the remorseless rush of pollution. 31 According to the passage, the Mediterranean_. （ A） accounts for one-third of the worlds tourist population （ B） is the most polluted area on earth （ C）
46、has only 1 percent of the worlds surface （ D） is the most polluted sea in the world 32 What advice is given to tourists according to the text? （ A） Shellfish are prime dishes for tourists. （ B） It is very risky to go for a swim in the Mediterranean. （ C） The seafood dishes are very appetizing to tak
47、e. （ D） It is very dangerous to eat shellfish. 33 Judging from the context, the word “lurk“(Line 1, Para. 9) probably means_. （ A） to exist unseen （ B） to wait quietly （ C） to attract greatly （ D） to move irregularly 34 According to the passage, all the following may cause damage to the sea EXCEPT （
48、 A） sewage （ B） pesticides （ C） detergents and fertilizers （ D） plankton which cover bathers with itchy slime 35 It may be inferred that the Mediterranean is_. （ A） landlocked by the nine-mile-wide Strait of Gibraltar （ B） four times as polluted by oil as the north Atlantic （ C） a victim of tourism,
49、 sewage and industry （ D） the worst polluted area in the world 36 It is hard to get any agreement on the precise meaning of the term “social class“ In everyday life, people tend to have a different approach to those they consider their equals from that which they assume with people they consider higher or lower than themselves in the social scale. The criteria we use to place a new acquaintance, however, are a complex mixture of factors. Dress,
