1、考研英语模拟试卷 195及答案与解析 一、 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 1 Lots of creatures already reproduce without sex. Since the birth of Louise Brown, the first test-tube baby, in 1978, (1)_ of human
2、beings (2)_ in laboratory glassware rather than in bed. If human cloning becomes possible and since the birth of a sheep called Dolly, (3)_ doubt that it will be feasible to clone a person by 2025 even the link between sex organs and reproduction (4)_. You will then be able to take a cutting from yo
3、ur body and grow a new person, (5)_ you were a willow tree. (6)_, we have already divorced sex from reproduction. In the 1960s, the contraceptive pill freed women to enjoy sex for its own sake. (7)_, greater tolerance of homosexuality signaled societys acceptance of non-reproductive sex of another s
4、ort. These changes are only continuations of a (8)_ that started perhaps a million years ago. Human beings (9)_ the interest in infertile, social sex with a few other species: dolphins, apes and some birds. But (10)_ sex is too good for human beings to (11)_, more and more people will abandon it as
5、a (12)_ of reproduction. In the modern world, you can (13)_ have sex and parenthood without suffering the bit (14)_. Some Hollywood actresses (15)_ the urge for mothering by electing to adopt children (16)_ spoil their figures (as they see it) by childbearing. For people as beautiful as this, the te
6、mptation to (17)_ a clone (reared in a surrogate womb) could one day be (18)_. However, human cloning and designer babies are probably not (19)_. Even assuming that the procedures are judged safe and efficient in farm animals, still a long way off, they will be heavily (20)_, if not banned, by many
7、governments for human beings. （ A） hundreds of thousands （ B） hundred of thousands （ C） hundreds of thousand （ D） hundred of thousand （ A） has been conceived （ B） had been conceived （ C） have been conceived （ D） were conceived （ A） few （ B） a few （ C） quite few （ D） quite a few （ A） is broken （ B） w
8、ill break （ C） will be broken （ D） will have broken （ A） as （ B） if （ C） as if （ D） as yet （ A） In case （ B） In no case （ C） In a sense （ D） In no sense （ A） But （ B） However （ C） Whereas （ D） At the same time （ A） trend （ B） tend （ C） program （ D） procedure （ A） have （ B） possess （ C） share （ D） ow
9、e （ A） as （ B） if （ C） even （ D） even if （ A） give out （ B） give up （ C） give away （ D） give in （ A） mean （ B） means （ C） meaning （ D） meant （ A） even （ B） still （ C） yet （ D） thus （ A） in （ B） between （ C） among （ D） in between （ A） be satisfied （ B） have been satisfied （ C） may satisfy （ D） may ha
10、ve satisfied （ A） rather than （ B） other than （ C） instead （ D） despite （ A） adapt （ B） have adapted （ C） adopt （ D） have adopted （ A） resistible （ B） irresistible （ C） resistless （ D） resistant （ A） coming （ B） nearby （ C） realistic （ D） imminent （ A） encouraging （ B） discouraging （ C） encouraged （
11、 D） discouraged Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points) 21 The Amazon River basin boasts the largest river system on Earth and harbors an ecosystem that is tremendously complex. Early travelers from renaissance Euro
12、pe were overwhelmed by their first encounters. In 1531, Francisco Pizarro overthrew the Incan empire, removing the emperor from his throne and taking for Spain the Incan imperial treasures. A decade later his younger brother ventured east from the high plateau of the Andes Mountains in pursuit of th
13、e famous cities of gold and spices thought to be hidden in the jungle forest. Going down the river the expedition soon exhausted its supplies and a small group was sent ahead to search for food. Eight months later, this group emerged at the mouth of the Amazon, having made what would prove to be the
14、 first descent of the length of the river. A missionary who accompanied the group sent a remarkable account of their adventures to the Pope, including mention of the great signal drums that sounded from village to village far in advance of their arrival, warning of the coming of the European strange
15、rs. His manuscript records seeing innumerable settlements along the river on one day they passed more than twenty villages in succession, and some of these are said to have stretched for six miles or more. Such reports have intrigued scientists ever since, for they describe dense populations and lar
16、ge federations of tribes which, if verified, would be entirely at odds with modern stereotypes of hidden, thinly scattered tribes scratching out an uncertain existence. Beginning in the late seventeenth-century, the successors to the first explorers recorded and collected many of the everyday object
17、s fashioned from wood and other organic materials that usually rot in a tropical climate. Such collections housed in European museums preserve a “window“ into cultures that were soon to experience huge changes brought about by foreign diseases and cruel abuse at the hands of Europeans. Population co
18、llapse and movement along the principal rivers of the Amazon system have contributed to a veil of misunderstanding that has long covered the cultural achievements of tropical forest societies. Diffuse bands hunting deep in the forest interior eventually came to be seen as the typical tropical forest
19、 adaptation. So much so that when archaeological studies began in earnest at the mouth of the Amazon in the 1950s, scientists argued that the sophisticated culture they were discovering could not have originated in the Amazon Basin itself, but must have been derived from more advanced cultures elsew
20、here. They imagined the tropical forest to be an “imitation paradise“ unable to support much beyond a simple hunting-and-gathering way of life. This mistaken idea has exerted a persistent influence ever since. 21 According to the first paragraph, a small group succeeded _. （ A） in searching for food
21、 （ B） going down the river （ C） proving the length of the river （ D） covering the length of the Amazon River 22 From the missionarys manuscript we may infer that _. （ A） the great signal drums were very popular there （ B） people there were hostile to the European strangers （ C） the Amazon River area
22、 was densely populated then （ D） the tribes along the river were always at odds 23 The everyday objects recorded and collected by the successors to the first explorers may reveal _. （ A） where these objects came from （ B） how they rotted in a tropical climate （ C） a glimpse of the Incan civilization
23、 （ D） the vicissitude of Amazon cultures 24 This mistaken idea(Para. 4) refers to _. （ A） the sophisticated culture in the Amazon Basin （ B） the view that Amazon culture derived from other cultures elsewhere （ C） an “imitation paradise“ （ D） a simple hunting-and-gathering way of life 25 The purpose
24、of the author in writing the text is to _. （ A） introduce the Amazon River （ B） illustrate some facts about Amazon River cultures （ C） show the present situation of Amazon River （ D） compare the differences between world cultures 26 It is widely believed that our never-ending quest for material good
25、s is part of the basic character of human beings. According to the popular belief, we may not like it, but theres little we can do about it. Despite its popularity, this view of human nature is wrong. While human beings may have a basic desire to strive towards something, there is nothing inevitable
26、 about material goods. There are numerous examples of societies in which things have played a highly restricted rule. In medieval Europe, the acquisition of goods was relatively unimportant. The common people, whose lives were surely poor by modern standards, showed strong preferences for leisure ra
27、ther than money. In the nineteenth-and early twentieth-century United States, there is also considerable evidence that many working people also exhibited a restricted appetite for material goods. Materialism is not a basic trait of human nature, but a specific product of capitalism. With the develop
28、ment of the market system, materialism “spilled over“, for the first time, beyond the circles of the rich. The growth of the middle class created a large group of potential buyers and the possibility that mass culture could be oriented around material goods. This process can be seen not only in hist
29、orical experiences but is now going on in some parts of the developing world, where the growth of a large middle class has contributed to extensive materialism and the breakdown of traditional values. In the United States, the turning point was the 1920s the point at which the “psychology of shortag
30、e“ gave way to the “psychology of abundance“. This was a crucial period for the development of modern materialism. Economy and discipline were out; waste and excess were in. Materialism flourished both as a social ideology and in terms of high rates of real spending. In the midst of all this buying,
31、 we can detect the origins of modern consumer discontent. This was the decade during which the American dream, or what was then called “the American standard of living“, captured the nations imagination. But it was always something of an illusion. Americans complained about items they could not affo
32、rddespite the fact that in the 1920s most families had telephones, virtually all had purchased life insurance, two-thirds owned their own homes and took vacations, and over half had motor cars. The discontent expressed by many Americans was promoted and to a certain extent even created by manufactur
33、ers. The explosion of consumer credit made the task easier, as automobiles, radios, electric refrigerators, washing machines even jewelry and foreign travel could be paid for in installments. By the end of the 1920s, 60 percent of cars, radios, and furniture were being purchased this way. The abilit
34、y to buy without actually having money helped encourage a climate of instant satisfaction, expanding expectations, and ultimately, materialism. 26 We can learn from the first 2 paragraphs that _. （ A） the quest for material goods is the basic character of human beings （ B） theres little we can do ab
35、out the quest for material goods （ C） in many cases, the function of material goods is very limited in the society （ D） the common people tend to prefer leisure to money 27 According to the passage, materialism _. （ A） is a by-product of capitalism （ B） originated from the circles of the rich （ C） w
36、as first created among the middle class （ D） is not popular in the developing world 28 The development of modern materialism was promoted by _. （ A） the United States in the 1920s （ B） the “psychology of abundance“ （ C） a social ideology （ D） modern consumer discontent 29 In the authors view the Ame
37、rican dream was _. （ A） the American standard of living （ B） a sheer imagination （ C） something unrealistic （ D） an illusion people could never attain 30 According to the passage, the practice of installment _. （ A） was adopted by manufacturers （ B） made consumer credit easier （ C） promoted consumer
38、s expectations （ D） ultimately led to materialism 31 Although many factors affect human health during periods in space, weightlessness is the dominant and single most important one. The direct and indirect effects of weightlessness lead to a series of related responses. Ultimately, the whole body, f
39、rom bones to brain, kidneys to bowels, reacts. When space travelers grasp the wall of their spacecraft and jerk their bodies back and forth, they say it feels as though they are stationary and the spacecraft is moving. The reason is based in our reliance on gravity to perceive our surroundings. The
40、continuous and universal nature of gravity removes it from our daily notice, but our bodies never forget. Whether we realize it or not, we have evolved a large number of silent, automatic reactions to cope with the constant stress of living in a downward-pulling world. Only when we decrease or incre
41、ase the effective force of gravity on our bodies do our minds perceive it. Our senses provide accurate information about the location of our center of mass and the relative positions of our body parts. Our brains integrate signals from our eyes and ears with other information from the organs in our
42、inner ear, from our muscles and joints, and from our senses of touch and pressure. The apparatus of the inner ear is partitioned into two distinct components: circular, fluid-filled tubes that sense the angle of the head, and two bags filled with calcium crystals embedded in a thick fluid, which res
43、pond to linear movement. The movement of the calcium crystals sends a signal to the brain to tell us the direction of gravity. This is not the only cue the brain receives. Nerves in the muscles, joints, and skin particularly the slain on the bottom of the feet respond to the weight of limb segments
44、and other body parts. Removing gravity transforms these signals. The inner ear no longer perceives a downward tendency when the head moves. The limbs no longer have weight, so muscles are no longer required to contract and relax in the usual way to maintain posture and bring about movement. Nerves t
45、hat respond to touch and pressure in the feet and ankles no longer signal the direction of down. These and other changes contribute to orientation illusions, such as a feeling that the body or the spacecraft spontaneously changes direction. In 1961 a Russian astronaut reported vivid sensations of be
46、ing upside down; one space shuttle specialist in astronomy said, “When the main engines cut off, I immediately felt as though we had inverted 180 degrees.“ Such illusions can recur even after some time in space. 31 From the first two paragraphs we learn that weightlessness is caused by _. （ A） many
47、factors （ B） the dominant and single movement （ C） jerking the bodies back and forth （ D） losing the dependence of gravity 32 Whether we realize it or not(Para. 3), “it“ refers _. （ A） weightlessness （ B） the continuous and universal nature of gravity （ C） the fact that our bodies never forget （ D）
48、the previous statements 33 According to the passage we do not perceive gravity because _. （ A） we live in a downward-pulling world （ B） there is no decrease or increase force of gravity on our bodies （ C） our senses provide accurate information about the location （ D） our brains integrate signals fr
49、om all apparatus of the body 34 The function of apparatus of the inner ear is _. （ A） to partition into two distinct components （ B） to respond to linear movement （ C） to send a signal to the brain to tell us the direction of gravity （ D） to respond to the weight of limb segments and other body parts 35 Which of the following apparatus of the body may be less affected by removing gravity? （ A） The inner ear. （ B） The
