1、考研英语模拟试卷 200及答案与解析 一、 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 1 Karl Von Linne (or Linnaeus, as he is widely known) was a Swedish biologist who devised the system of Latinised scientific names fo
2、r living things that biologists use to this day. When he came to (1)_ people into his system, he put them into a group called Homo and Linnes hairless fellow humans are still known biologically as Homo sapiens. (2)_ the group originally had a second member, Homo troglodytes. It lived in Africa, and
3、the pictures show it to be covered (3)_ hair. Modern (4)_ are not as generous as Linne in welcoming other species into Mans lofty (5)_, and the chimpanzee is now referred to (6)_ Pan troglodytes. But Pan or Homo, there is no (7)_ that chimps are humans nearest living relatives, and that if the secre
4、ts of what makes humanity special are ever to be (8)_, understanding why chimps are not people, nor people chimps, is a crucial part of the process. That, in turn, means looking at the DNA of the two species, (9)_ it is here that the (10)_ must originate. One half of the puzzle has been (11)_ for se
5、veral years: the human genome was published in 2001. The second has now been added, with the announcement in this weeks Nature (12)_ the chimpanzee genome has been sequenced as well. For those expecting (13)_ answers to age-old questions (14)_, the publication of the chimp genome may be something of
6、 an (15)_. There are no immediately obvious genes-present in one, but not the other-that account for such characteristic human (16)_ as intelligence or even hairlessness. And (17)_ there is a gene connected with language, known as FOXP2, it had already been discovered. But although the preliminary c
7、omparison of the two genomes (18)_ by the members of the Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium, the multinational team that generated the sequence, did not (19)_, any obvious nuggets of genetic gold, it does at least show where to look for (20)_. （ A） slot （ B） pledge （ C） plot （ D） scrutini
8、ze （ A） And （ B） Or （ C） Thereby （ D） But （ A） by （ B） throughout （ C） with （ D） beyond （ A） demographers （ B） taxonomists （ C） chronologists （ D） psychologists （ A） subject （ B） dominion （ C） ideal （ D） species （ A） as （ B） in （ C） among （ D） without （ A） suspension （ B） suspicion （ C） rotation （ D
9、） doubt （ A） disintegrated （ B） distracted （ C） deleted （ D） disentangled （ A） because of （ B） though （ C） for （ D） whereas （ A） disputes （ B） differences （ C） hunches （ D） humanities （ A） ruthless （ B） mediocre （ C） opaque （ D） available （ A） that （ B） where （ C） which （ D） in that （ A） instant （ B
10、） instinctive （ C） constant （ D） intuitive （ A） too （ B） either （ C） though （ D） also （ A） panacea （ B） anticlimax （ C） zenith （ D） momentum （ A） defects （ B） merits （ C） flaws （ D） attributes （ A） while （ B） once （ C） when （ D） as if （ A） duplicated （ B） dwarfed （ C） made （ D） over lapped （ A） show
11、 up （ B） turn up （ C） resort to （ D） turn to （ A） him （ B） it （ C） them （ D） her Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points) 21 A cramped public-school test kitchen might seem an unlikely outpost for a food revolution.
12、But Collazo, executive chef for the New York City public schools, and scores of others across the country celebrity chefs and lunch ladies, district superintendents and politicians say theyre determined to improve what kids eat in school. Nearly everyone agrees something must be done. Most school ca
13、feterias are staffed by poorly trained, badly equipped workers who churn out 4.8 billion hot lunches a year. Often the meals, produced for about $1 each, consist of breaded meat patties, French fries and overcooked vegetables. So the kids buy muffins, cookies and ice cream instead or they feast on f
14、ast food from McDonalds, Pizza Hut and Taco Bell, which is available in more than half the schools in the nation. Vending machines packed with sodas and candy line the hall ways. “Were killing our kids“ with the food we serve, says Texas Education Commissioner Susan Combs. As rates of childhood obes
15、ity and diabetes skyrocket, public-health officials say schools need to change the way kids eat. It wont be easy. Some kids and their parents dont know better. Home cooking is becoming a forgotten art. And fast-food companies now spend $3 billion a year on television ads aimed at children. Along wit
16、h reading and writing, schools need to teach kids what to eat to stay healthy, says culinary innovator Alice Waters, who is introducing gardening and fresh produce to 16 schools in California. Its a golden opportunity, she says, “to affect the way children eat for the rest of their lives.“ Last year
17、 star English chef Jamie Oliver took over a school cafeteria in a working-class suburb of London. A documentary about his work shamed the British government into spending $500 million to revamp the nations school-food program. Oliver says its the United States turn now. “If you can put a man on the
18、moon,“ he says, “you can give kids the food they need to make them lighter, fitter and live longer.“ Changing school food will take money. Many schools administrators are hooked on the easy cash up to $75,000 annually that soda and candy vending machines can bring in. Three years ago Gary Hirshberg
19、of Concord, N.H., was appalled when his 13-year-old son described his daytime meal pizza, chocolate milk and a package of Skittles. “I wasnt aware Skittles was a food group,“ says Hirshberg, CEO of Stonyfield Farm, a yogurt company. So he devised a vending machine that stocks healthy snacks: yogurt
20、smoothies, fruit leathers and whole-wheat pretzels. So far 41 schools in California, Illinois and Washington are using his machines and a thousand more have requested them. Hirshberg says, “schools have to make good food a priority.“ Some states are trying. California, New York and Texas have passed
21、 new laws that limit junk food sold on school grounds. Districts in California, New Mexico and Washington have begun buying produce from local farms. The soda and candy in the vending machines have been replaced by juice and beef jerky. “Its not perfect,“ says Jannison. But its a cause worth fightin
22、g for, Even if she has to battle one chip at a time. 21 From paragraph 1, we learn that （ A） most American school cafeterias are well functional. （ B） more than half the schools have McDonald chains. （ C） to change school food has been agreed by nearly everyone. （ D） fast food restaurants are benefi
23、cial supplements to school cafeterias. 22 Which is one of the difficulties to change the way children eat? （ A） Some public-health officials think its impossible. （ B） There are less and less home-cooking in the country. （ C） Many parents are not aware of the importance to cook better meals. （ D） Fa
24、st-food companies are not investing enough in new food for children. 23 We can infer from Para. 2 that Jamier Oliver thinks （ A） its schools responsibility to teach kids what to eat. （ B） the U.S should revamp the nations school-food program early. （ C） to change the way kids eat is equal to putting
25、 a man on the moon. （ D） its possible to change the way kids eat although its difficult. 24 Gary Hirshberg made a new type of vending machine in order to （ A） earn much more money for his company. （ B） reduce school expenditure on those low-nutrition food. （ C） replace the traditional snacks as they
26、 are harmful to kids. （ D） promote a new kind of yogurt product. 25 What is the main idea of the text? （ A） Politicians are paying more attention to the food of students. （ B） Schools are reluctant to change the food structure at present. （ C） There are a lot of difficulties in changing school food.
27、 （ D） It is high time to improve school food and many efforts have been made. 26 When a customer claimed to have found a severed finger in a bowl of chilli served at a Wendys fast-food franchise in California, the chains sales fell by half in the San Jos area where the incident was reported. Wendys
28、brand and reputation were at risk, until the claim was exposed as a hoax in late April and the company, operator of Americas third-biggest hamburger chain, was vindicated. Yet the share price of Wendys International, the parent company, rose steadily through March and April, despite the finger furor
29、e and downgrades from analysts. One reason was heavy buying by hedge funds, led by Pershing Square Capital. This week Pershing made its intentions public, saying that it was worried by market rumours that Wendys might soon buy more fast-food brands, and arguing that the firm should be selling assets
30、 instead. Pershings approach indicates rising pressure on American restaurant companies to perform, at a time when the industrys growth prospects look increasingly tough. The hit on customers wallets from higher petrol prices and rising interest rates will probably mean that year-on-year sales growt
31、h across the American restaurant industry slows to just 1% by the fourth quarter of 2005, down from a five-year historic average of 5.6%, say UBS, an investment bank, and Global Insight, a forecasting group. Looking further ahead, says UBSs David Palmer, the industry may have to stop relying on most
32、 of the long-term trends that were behind much of its recent growth. Three-quarters of Americans already live within three miles of a McDonalds restaurant, leaving little scope for green-field growth. (Obesity is a growing issue in America, and with it come the threat of liability lawsuits against b
33、ig restaurant chains and, perhaps, legal limits on advertising.) This week Americas biggest food trade group, the Grocery Manufacturers Association, was said to be preparing tougher guidelines on the marketing of food to children, in the hope of staving off statutory controls. Home cooking may also
34、be making a comeback, helped by two factors. The percentage of women joining Americas workforce may have peaked, and supermarket chains such as Wal-Mart have been forcing down retail food prices. Expansion overseas is one option for American restaurant chains. Burger King, the privately owned number
35、 two hamburger chain, opened its first outlet in China last month, apparently aiming to maintain strong growth ahead of an initial public offering next year. McDonalds has 600 outlets in China and plans 400 more. But at home, the future seems to hold only an ever more competitive and cost-conscious
36、restaurant industry. Fast-food chains are trying to poach customers from “casual dining“ chains (such as Applebees Neighborhood Grill), while those chains are squeezing out independent restaurants unable to compete on cost or in marketing clout. Business conditions, not severed fingers, are the real
37、 threat to the weaker firms in the restaurant business. 26 The word “hoax“(paragraph 1) probably means （ A） truth. （ B） joke. （ C） revenge. （ D） warn. 27 Why did the share price of Wendys International rise steadily after the “severed finger“ incident? （ A） The womans claim was reported as a mistake
38、. （ B） Wendys is Americans third-biggest hamburger chain. （ C） Pershing Square Capital bought a large amount of its shares. （ D） Wendys will buy more fast-food brands and assets. 28 From paragraph 4 we can infer that （ A） there is one McDonalds restaurant every three miles. （ B） to limit advertising
39、 of food to children is a way to avoid obesity. （ C） home cooking may prevent women from joining Americas workforce. （ D） Wal-Mart can raise the fo6d prices by its large scale. 29 How can American restaurant chains accelerate their business? （ A） To improve the quality of their products and services
40、. （ B） To raise their share prices with the help of some hedge funds. （ C） To invest more money in advertising especially to children. （ D） To expand their business scope overseas. 30 Which statement is true according to the text? （ A） Americas restaurant industry is growing steadily. （ B） Wendys In
41、ternational is threatened severely by Burger King and McDonald （ C） Fast-food chains are facing more competitive market inside America. （ D） UBS and Global Insight are planning to help restaurant industry get out of difficulties. 31 One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinf
42、orcement theory, which explains alcoholism by considering alcohol drinking as a reflex response to some stimulus and as a way to reduce an inner drive state such as fear or anxiety. Characterizing life situations in terms of approach and avoidance, this theory holds that persons tend to be drawn to
43、pleasant situations or repelled by unclean, sanity ones. In the latter case, alcohol drinking is said to reduce the tension or feelings of unpleasantness and to replace them with the feeling of pleasure generally observed in most persons after they have consumed one or more drinks. Some experimental
44、 evidence tends to show that alcohol reduces fear in an approach-avoidance situation. Conger trained one group of rats to approach a food goal and trained another group to avoid electric shock. After an injection of alcohol the pull away from the shock was measurably weaker, while the pull toward fo
45、od was unchanged. The obvious troubles experienced by alcoholic persons appear to contradict the learning theory in the explanation of alcoholism. The discomfort, pain, and punishment they experience should presumably discourage the alcoholics from drinking. The fact that alcoholic persons continue
46、to drink in the face of family discord, loss of job, and illness is explained by the proximity of the drive of reduction to the consumption of alcohol; that is, alcohol has the immediate effect of reducing tension while the unpleasant consequences of drunken behavior came only later. The learning pa
47、ttern, therefore, favors the establishment and repetition of the resort to alcohol. In fact, the anxieties and feelings of guilt caused by the consequences of excessive alcohol drinking may themselves become the signal for another time of alcohol abuse. The way in which the desire for another drink
48、could be caused by anxiety is explained by the process of stimulus generalization: conditions or events securing at the time of reinforcement tend to acquire all the features of stimuli. When alcohol is consumed in association with a state of anxiety or leer, the emotional state itself takes on the
49、properties of a stimulus, thus triggering another time of drinking. The role of punishment is becoming increasingly important in explaining a cause of alcoholism based on the principles of learning theory. While punishment may serve to suppress a response, experiments have shown that in some cases it can serve as a reward and reinforce the behavior. Thus if the alcoholic person has learned to drink under conditions of both reward and punishment, either
