1、考研英语模拟试卷 219及答案与解析 一、 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 1 The term authority refers to the rights inherent in a managerial position to give orders and expect the orders to be followed. Auth
2、ority was a major concept for the classical management writers; they (1)_ it as the glue that held an organization together. It was to be delegated (2)_ to subordinate managers, (3)_ them certain rights while providing certain specified limits (4)_ which to operate. Each management position has cert
3、ain rights that the position holder (5)_ just bemuse they hold that position. Authority (6)_ to ones position within an organization and ignores the personal (7)_ of the individual manager. It has nothing directly (8)_ the individual (9)_ flows from the position that the individual holds. When a per
4、son (10)_ a position of authority, he or she no longer has any authority. The authority remains with the position and (11)_ new holder. When managers delegate authority, commensurate responsibility must be given (12)_. That is, when one is given the “right“ to do something, one also (13)_ a correspo
5、nding “obligation“ to (14)_. Allocating authority (15)_ responsibility can create (16)_ for a person, and no one should be (17)_ responsible for something (18)_ which he or she has no authority. Classical writers recognized the (19)_ of equating authority and responsibility. In (20)_,they stated tha
6、t only authority could be delegated. They supported this contention by noting that the delegate was held responsible for the actions of the people to whom work had been delegated. （ A） found （ B） ordered （ C） speculated （ D） viewed （ A） downward （ B） upward （ C） forward （ D） backward （ A） offer （ B）
7、 conferring （ C） grudging （ D） giving （ A） inside （ B） within （ C） off （ D） outside （ A） loves （ B） likes （ C） acquires （ D） wants （ A） sticks （ B） tends （ C） relates （ D） intends （ A） characteristics （ B） features （ C） particulars （ D） opinions （ A） to do with （ B） concerning （ C） in relation （ D）
8、or （ A） which （ B） but （ C） as （ D） that （ A） stops （ B） refuses （ C） leaves （ D） withdraw （ A） without （ B） with （ C） its （ D） a （ A） either （ B） still （ C） practically （ D） as well （ A） assumes （ B） takes （ C） gains （ D） realizes （ A） have （ B） work （ C） show off （ D） perform （ A） with （ B） having
9、 （ C） without （ D） deprived （ A） opportunities （ B） problems （ C） fun （ D） enjoyment （ A） regarded （ B） taken （ C） made （ D） held （ A） over （ B） about （ C） on （ D） within （ A） danger （ B） weakness （ C） importance （ D） connection （ A） that （ B） sense （ C） addition （ D） which Part A Directions: Read t
10、he following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points) 21 Potential AIDS victims who refuse to be tested for the disease and then defend their right to remain ignorant about whether they carry the virus are entitled to that fight. But ignorance cannot be
11、used to rationalize irresponsibility. Nowhere in their argument is their concern about how such ignorance might endanger public health by exposing others to the virus. All disease is an outrage, and disease that affects the young and healthy seems particularly outrageous. When a disease selectively
12、attacks the socially disadvantaged, such as homosexuals and drug abusers, it seems an injustice beyond rationalization. Such is the case with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Decent people are offended by this unfairness and in the name of benevolence have been driven to do morally irresponsible
13、 things such as denying the unpleasant facts of the disease, out of compassion for the victims. We cannot distort the facts to comfort the afflicted when such confusion compounds the tragedy. Some crucial facts: AIDS is a communicable disease. The percentage of those infected with the AIDS virus who
14、 will eventually contract the disease is unknown, but that percentage rises with each new estimate. The disease so far has been 100 potential. The latency period between the time the virus is acquired and the disease develops is also unknown. We now have teats for the presence of the virus that is a
15、s efficient and reliable as almost any diagnostic test in medicine. An individual who tests positive can be presumed with near-certainty to carry the virus, whether he has the disease or not. To state that the test for AIDS is “ambiguous“, as a clergyman recently in public, is a misstatement and an
16、immoral act. To state that the test does not directly indicate the presence of the virus is a half-truth that misleads and an immoral act. The test correlates so consistently with the presence of the virus in bacteria cultures as to be considered I00 percent certain by experts. Everyone who tests po
17、sitive must understand that he is a potential vector for the AIDS virus and has a moral duty and responsibility to prevent others from contamination. We are not just dealing with the protection of the innocent but with an essential step to contain the spread of an epidemic as horrible as any that ha
18、s befallen modern man. We must do everything in our power to keep this still, untreatable disease from becoming pandemic. It may seem unfair to burden the tragic victims with concern for the welfare of others. But moral responsibility is not a luxury of the fortunate, and evil actions committed in d
19、espair cannot be condemned out of pity. It is morally wrong for a healthy individual who tests positive for AIDS to be involved with anyone except under the strict precautions now defined as safe sex. It is morally wrong for someone in a high-risk population who refuses to test himself to do other t
20、han to assume that he tests positive. It is morally wrong for those who, out of sympathy for the heartbreaking victims of this epidemic, as though well wishing and platitudes(老生常谈 ) about the ambiguities of the disease are necessary in order to comfort the victims while they contribute to enlarging
21、the number of those victims. Moral responsibility is the burden of the sick as well as the healthy. 21 According to the essay, which of the following statements is NOT true? （ A） It is unknown that how many A1DS-infeeted people will eventually get the disease. （ B） AIDS is a contagious disease. （ C）
22、 AIDS has been so far 100 percent deadly. （ D） The inactive period between the time the virus is acquired and AIDS develops is 2 years. 22 According to experts, the test for AIDS is_. （ A） 100 percent certainty correlated with the presence of the virus in cultures （ B） ambiguous because even they th
23、emselves are not certain （ C） inaccurate because there are consistently confusing results （ D） not correlated with the presence of the virus 23 What rhetorical purpose does the last three sentences in the essay serve? （ A） Restatement of the authors purpose in the writing. （ B） Concluding the author
24、s essay by restating his main arguments. （ C） Blaming those who refuse to be tested for the AIDS. （ D） Emphasizing the importance of the test for the AIDS. 24 The word “outrage“(Sentence 1, Paragraph 2) most probably means_. （ A） indignation （ B） anger （ C） disgrace （ D） cruelty 25 What is the passa
25、ge mainly about? （ A） The author asserts that those who refuse to be tested for AIDS are justifiable. （ B） The author holds that the sick should take the moral responsibility of protecting public health. （ C） The author states that people should take precautions against AIDS. （ D） The author thinks
26、that people should condemn those who are irresponsible. 26 If national health insurance would not cure the problems of the American healthcare system, what, then, is responsible for them? Suspicion falls heavily on hospitals, which make up the largest component of the system. In 1988 hospitals accou
27、nted for 39% of all health expenditures-more than doctor, nursing homes, drugs, and home health care combined. Although U.S. hospitals provide outstanding research and frequently excellent care, they also exhibit the classic attributes of insufficient organizations: increasing costs and decreasing u
28、se. The average cost of a hospital stay in 1987 $3,850 was more than double the 1980 cost. A careful government analysis published in 1987 revealed the inflation of hospital costs, over and above general price inflation, as a major factor in their growth, even after allowances were made for increase
29、s in the population and in intensity of care. While the rate of increase for hospital costs was 2796 greater than that for all medical care and 163% greater than that for all other goods and services, demand for hospital services fell by 34%. But hospitals seemed oblivious of the decline: during thi
30、s period the number of hospital beds shrank only by about 396, and the number of full-time employees grew by more than 240,000. After yet another unexpectedly high hospital-cost increase last year, one puzzled government analyst asked: “Wheres the money going?“ Much of the increase in hospital costs
31、 amounting to $180 billion from 1965 to 1987 went to duplicating medical technology available in nearby hospitals and maintaining excess beds. Modern Healthcare, a leading journal in the field, recently noted that “anecdotes of hospitals unnecessary spending on technology abound“. Medical technology
32、 is very expensive. An operating room outfitted to perform open-heart surgery costs hundreds of thousands of dollars. From 1982 to 1989 the number of hospitals with open-heart-surgery facilities grew by 33%, and the most rapid growth occurred among smaller and moderate-sized hospitals. This growth w
33、as worrisome for reasons of both costs and quality. Underused technology almost inevitably decreases quality of care. In medicine, as in everything else, practice makes perfect. For example, most of the hospitals with the lowest mortality rates for coronary-bypass surgery perform at least fifty to a
34、 hundred such procedures annually, and in some cases many more; the majority of those with the highest mortality rates perform fewer than fifty a year. 26 According to the passage, the American health-care system_. （ A） is working smoothly （ B） is the best system in the world （ C） is not working eff
35、iciently （ D） in on the point of collapses 27 In 1980, the average cost of a hospital stay was _ （ A） $3,850, （ B） less than $1,925 （ C） $1,925 （ D） more than $1,925 28 When demand for hospital services fell, hospitals_. （ A） took effective measures to reduce their expenditures （ B） were fully aware
36、 of the situation and took some measures accordingly （ C） reduced the number of hospital beds sharply （ D） continued to take on more full-time medical workers 29 According to the passage, hospital costs went up greatly mainly because_. （ A） hospitals spent a lot of money unnecessarily on medical tec
37、hnology （ B） hospitals bought too much expensive operating equipment （ C） hospitals employed too many unskilled medical workers （ D） hospitals were under poor management 30 It is implied in the last paragraph that if a hospital uses its medical technology to the full,_. （ A） it will decrease its qua
38、lity of treatment （ B） it will certainly push up its expenditures （ C） it will have a high mortality rate from surgery （ D） it will maintain its good quality of care 31 Climatic conditions are delicately adjusted to the composition of the Earths atmosphere. If there were a change in the atmosphere f
39、or example, in the relative proportions of atmospheric gases“-the climate would probably change also. A slight increase in water vapor, for instance, would increase the heat-retaining capacity of the atmosphere and would lead to a rise in global temperatures. In contrast, a large increase in water v
40、apor would increase the thickness and extent of the cloud layer, reducing the amount of solar energy reaching the Earths surface. The level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has an important effect on climatic change. Most of the Earths incoming energy is short-wavelength radiation, which tends to
41、 pass through atmospheric carbon dioxide easily. The Earth, however, reradiates much of the received energy as long-wavelength radiation, which carbon dioxide absorbs and then remits toward the Earth. This phenomenon, known as the greenhouse effect, can result in an increase in the surface temperatu
42、re of a planet. An extreme example of the effect is shown by Venus, a planet covered by heavy clouds composed mostly of carbon dioxide, whose surface temperatures have been measured at 43012. If the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere is reduced, the temperature falls. According to one respecta
43、ble theory, if the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration were halved, the Earth would become completely covered with ice. Another equally respectable theory, however, states that a halving of the carbon dioxide concentration would lead only to reduction in global temperatures of 312. If, because
44、of an increase in forest fires or volcanic activity, the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere increased, a warmer climate would be produced. Plant growth, which relies on both the warmth and the availability of carbon dioxide, would probably increase. As a consequence, plants would use more and
45、more carbon dioxide. Eventually carbon dioxide levels would diminish and the climate, in turn, would become cooler. With reduced temperatures many plants would die; carbon dioxide would thereby be returned to the atmosphere and gradually the temperature would rise again. Thus, if this process occurr
46、ed, there might be a long-term oscillation in the amount of carbon dioxide present in the atmosphere, with regular temperature increases and decreases of a set magnitude. Some climatologists argue that the burning of fossil fuels has raised the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and has cause
47、d a global temperature increase of at least 1 . But a supposed global temperature rise of 112 may in reality be only several regional temperature increases, restricted to areas where there are many meteorological stations and mused simply by shifts in the pattern of atmospheric circulation. Other ar
48、eas, for example, the Southern Hemisphere Oceanic Zone, may be experiencing an equivalent temperature decrease that is unrecognized because of the shortage of meteorological recording stations. 31 Which of the following questions does the passage supply information for answering? （ A） Why are projec
49、tions of the effects of changes in water vapor levels oh the climate so inaccurate? （ B） What are the steps in the process that takes place as carbon dioxide absorbs long-wave length radiation? （ C） How might our understanding of the greenhouse effect be improved if the burning of fossil fuels were decreased? （ D） What might cause a series of regular increases and decreases in the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere? 32 The author is primarily concerned
