1、考研英语模拟试卷 228及答案与解析 一、 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 1 In the United States today, coffee is a more popular drink (1)_ tea, but tea played (2)_ interesting part in the history of the Uni
2、ted States. Before they won their (3)_ from Britain, the colonists were forced to (4)_ taxes on many goods imported into America. The tax money was (5)_ to support colonial governors and officials sent to the colonies by the British. In 1770 the British Prime Minister had repealed most of the taxes,
3、 but King George (6)_ on retaining the tax (7)_ tea. The King saw the tax as a (8)_ of the British right to tax the colonies. American merchants (9)_ smuggled nine-tenths of Americas tea into the country and (10)_ paying the taxes. (11)_ the tax savings, the price of tea remained expensive due. to (
4、12)_ shipping costs. When the British Parliament (13)_ a new law which would allow British companies to import tea more (14)_ than American shipping companies, the (15)_ were alarmed and they (16)_ a protest. In Boston citizens and merchants, who (17)_ disguised as Indians, boarded a British ship an
5、d (18)_ $15,000 worth of tea into the harbor. This protest (19)_ Great Britain is known as the Boston Tea Party. It was one of the earliest acts of (20)_ against British rule. （ A） from （ B） against （ C） compared （ D） than （ A） an （ B） a （ C） but （ D） and （ A） independence （ B） interdependence （ C）
6、oppression （ D） opposition （ A） show （ B） give （ C） lend （ D） pay （ A） promised （ B） used （ C） refused （ D） declaimed （ A） resisted （ B） assisted （ C） insisted （ D） preferred （ A） in （ B） on （ C） over （ D） onto （ A） method （ B） seal （ C） symbol （ D） object （ A） badly （ B） yet （ C） illegally （ D） nea
7、rly （ A） avoided （ B） continued （ C） inverted （ D） subjected （ A） Respite （ B） Although （ C） Besides （ D） Despite （ A） high （ B） ordinary （ C） low （ D） unfair （ A） prevented （ B） gave （ C） passed （ D） enticed （ A） expensive （ B） effectively （ C） diligently （ D） cheaply （ A） merchants （ B） sailors （
8、C） governors （ D） officials （ A） stopped （ B） staged （ C） prevented （ D） resisted （ A） had （ B） was （ C） were （ D） often （ A） through （ B） hid （ C） threw （ D） declared （ A） against （ B） from （ C） toward （ D） into （ A） assistance （ B） aggression （ C） resistence （ D） assurance Part A Directions: Read
9、the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points) 21 Nuclear fission is the splitting of the nucleus of an atom. Only a few elements are suitable for use in this way, the most important ones being Uranium-235, Uranium-233, and Plutonium-239. When a
10、nucleus of one of these elements is struck by a free neutron it breaks down into two lighter nuclei which fly apart at high speed, colliding with surrounding atoms. Their kinetic energy is converted into heat energy. At the same time, two or three free neutrons are released and one of them enters th
11、e nucleus of a neighbouring atom, causing fission to occur again; and so on. The reaction spreads very quickly, with more and more heat energy released. This is called a “chain“ reaction because the splitting of each nucleus is linked to another, and another and another. If this reaction takes place
12、 in an atomic bomb, where nothing is done to slow it down, the result is a violent explosion that can destroy a town in a few seconds. Fission can also, however, take place within a construction called a nuclear reactor, or atomic pile. Here the highly fissile material (U-235, U-233, Pu-239) is surr
13、ounded by a substance that is non-fissile, for instance graphite. This material is called a moderator. The neutrons lose some of their energy and speed through colliding with the atoms of the moderator. Energy heat energy is still created on an enormous scale, but no expansion takes place. The moder
14、ator has another function: by slowing down the speed of the free neutrons, it makes it more likely that one of them will collide with the nucleus of a neighbouring atom to continue the chain reaction. The chief advantage of nuclear energy is that it does not depend on any local factors. A nuclear re
15、actor, unlike an oil-well or a coalmine, does not have to be sited on top of a fossil-fuel source; unlike the solar energy unit, it does not have to go out of production when the sun is not shining; unlike hydro-electric power, it does not depend on a large flow of water which may be reduced during
16、some seasons of the year. With an atomic power station, the only limiting factor is that of safety. In the opposite process, nuclear fusion, two nuclei come together, to form a new nucleus of a different kind and this process also releases energy on an enormous scale. Fusion can only occur under con
17、ditions of very great heat at least 50,000,000 degrees Celsius. (The temperature at the centre of the sun is estimated as 130,000,000 degrees Celsius.) A fusion reaction on earth has already been created the hydrogen bomb. This is an uncontrolled reaction. It is not yet possible to produce a control
18、led fusion reaction that can be used for the production of useful energy. Nuclear energy can be thought of as a kind of square, three of the quarters of the square are known and used, but the fourth cannot yet be used. 21 Which of the following headings is that of Paragraph Two? （ A） Nuclear Fusion
19、（ B） The Nuclear Fission Chain Reaction （ C） Uncontrolled and Moderated Nuclear Reactions （ D） The Advantages of Nuclear Energy 22 The aim of a nuclear reactor is _. （ A） to establish a controlled chain reaction in low concentrations of fissile material （ B） to absorb neutrons travelling at a partic
20、ular speed （ C） to cause a rapid chain reaction in order to release the greatest amount of energy （ D） to last the chain reaction forever 23 Destructive weapons can be obtained from _. （ A） nuclear fusion （ B） nuclear fission （ C） both nuclear fusion and nuclear fission （ D） nuclear splitting 24 In
21、nuclear fusion, two nuclei come together and _. （ A） form a new nucleus （ B） both split （ C） give off free neutrons （ D） reduce energy 25 Which of the following statements is incorrect? （ A） Few elements are suitable for use as atomic fuel. （ B） An atomic power station can supply the same quantity o
22、f energy all the year round. （ C） A hydro-electric power station can be built anywhere. （ D） Graphite is a non-fissile material. 26 The period of adolescence, i.e., the period between childhood and adulthood, may be long or short, depending on social expectations and on societys definition as to wha
23、t constitutes maturity and adulthood. In primitive societies adolescence is frequently a relatively short period of time, while in industrial societies with patterns of prolonged education coupled with laws against child labor, the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the sec
24、ond decade of ones life. Furthermore, the length of the adolescent period and the definition of adulthood status may change in a given society as social and economic conditions change. Examples of this type of change are the disappearance of the frontier in the latter part of the nineteenth century
25、in the United States, and more universally, the industrialization of an agricultural society. In modern society, ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance and there no longer is agreement as to what constitutes initiation ceremonies. Social ones have bee
26、n replaced by a sequence of steps that lead to increased recognition and social status. For example, grade school graduation, high school graduation and college graduation constitute such a sequence, and while each step implies certain behavioral changes and social recognition, the significance of e
27、ach depends on the socio-economic status and the educational ambition of the individual. Ceremonies for adolescence have also been replaced by legal definitions of status roles, rights, privileges and responsibilities. It is during the nine years from the twelfth birthday to the twenty-first that th
28、e protective and restrictive aspects of childhood and minor status are removed and adult privileges and responsibilities axe granted. The twelve-year-old is no longer considered a child and has to pay full fare for train, airplane, theater and movie tickets. Basically, the individual at this age los
29、es childhood privileges without gaining significant adult rights. At the age of sixteen the adolescent is granted certain adult rights which increases his social status by providing him with more freedom and choices. He now can obtain a drivers license: he can leave public schools; and he can work w
30、ithout the restrictions of child labor laws. At the age of eighteen the law provides adult responsibilities as well as rights: the young man can now be a soldier, but he also can marry without parental permission. At the age of twenty-one the individual obtains his full legal rights as an adult. He
31、now can vote, he can buy liquor, he can enter into financial contracts, and he is entitled to run for public office. No additional basic rights are acquired as a function of age after majority status has been attained. None of these legal provisions determine at what point adulthood has been reached
32、 but they do point to the prolonged period of adolescence. 26 The period of adolescence is much longer in industrial societies because _. （ A） the definition of maturity has changed （ B） the industrialized society is more developed （ C） more education is provided and laws against child labor are mad
33、e （ D） ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance 27 Former social ceremonies that used to mark adolescence have given place to _. （ A） graduations from schools and colleges （ B） social recognition （ C） socio-economic status （ D） certain behavioral change
34、s 28 No one can expect to fully enjoy the adulthood privileges until he is _. （ A） eleven years old （ B） sixteen years old （ C） twenty-one years old （ D） between twelve and twenty-one years old 29 Starting from 22, _. （ A） one will obtain more basic rights （ B） the older one becomes, the more basic
35、rights he will have （ C） one wont get more basic rights than when he is 21 （ D） one will enjoy more rights granted by society 30 According to the passage, it is true that _. （ A） in the late 19th century in the United States the dividing line between adolescence and adulthood no longer existed （ B）
36、no one can marry without the permission of his parents until the age of twenty-one （ C） one is considered to have reached adulthood when he has a drivers license （ D） one is not free from the restrictions of child labor laws until he can join the army 31 Culture is the sum total of all the tradition
37、s, customs, beliefs, and ways of life of a given group of human beings. In this sense, every group has a culture, however savage, undeveloped, or uncivilized it may seem to us. To the professional anthropologist, there is no intrinsic superiority of one culture over another, just as to the professio
38、nal linguist there is no intrinsic hierarchy among languages. People once thought of the languages of backward group as savage, undeveloped forms of speech, consisting largely of grunts and groans. While it is possible that languages in general began as a series of grunts and groans. It is a fact es
39、tablished by the study of “backward“ languages that no spoken tongue answers that description today. Most languages of uncivilized groups are, by our most severe standards, extremely complex, delicate, and ingenious pieces of machinery for the transfer of ideas. They fall behind our Western language
40、s not in their sound patterns or grammatical structures, which usually are fully adequate for all language needs, but only in their vocabularies, which reflect the objects and activities known to their speakers. Even in this department, however, two things are to be noted: 1. All languages seem to p
41、ossess the machinery for vocabulary expansion, whether by putting together words already in existence or by borrowing them from other languages and adapting them to their own systems. 2. The objects and activities requiring names and distinctions for “backward“ languages, while different from ours,
42、are often surprisingly numerous and complicated. A Western language distinguishes between what is close to the speaker, or to the person addressed, or removed from both, or out of sight, or in the past, or in the future. This study of language, in turn, casts a new light upon the claim of the anthro
43、pologists that all cultures are to be viewed independently, and without ideas of rank or hierarchy. 31 The statement that “every group has a culture“ grows out of the authors _. （ A） definition of culture （ B） feeling about human beings （ C） bias in regard to civilized humans （ D） philosophy 32 The
44、languages of uncivilized groups as compared to Western languages are limited in _. （ A） sound patterns （ B） grammatical structures （ C） vocabularies （ D） both A and B 33 The article states that grunt-and-groan forms of speech are found _. （ A） nowhere today （ B） among the Australian aborigines （ C）
45、among Eastern cultures （ D） among people speaking “backward“ languages 34 According to the author, languages, whether civilized or not, have _. （ A） the potential for expanding vocabulary （ B） their own sound patterns （ C） an ability to transfer ideas （ D） grammatical structures 35 According to the
46、article, some languages of American Indians are _. （ A） more advanced than Western language （ B） uncivilized （ C） backward （ D） able to distinguish more than two degrees of remoteness 36 For anyone who is set on a career in fashion it is not enough to have succeeded in college. The real test is whet
47、her they can survive and become established during their early 20s, making a name for themselves in the real world where business skills can count for as much as flair and creativity. Fashion is a hard business. There is a continuous amount of stress because work is at a constant breakneck speed to
48、prepare for the next seasons collections. It is extremely competitive and there is the constant need to cultivate good coverage in newspapers and magazines. It also requires continual freshness because the appetite for new ideas is insatiable(不能满足的 ). “We try to warn people before they come to us ab
49、out how tough it is“, says Lydia Kemeny, the Head of Fashion at St. Martins School of Art in London, “and we point out that drive and determination are essential“. This may seem far removed from the popular image of trendy(时髦的 ) and dilettante(浅薄的 ) young people spending their time designing pretty dresses. That may well be what they do in their first year of study but a good college wont be slow in introducing students to com
