1、考研英语模拟试卷 267及答案与解析 一、 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 1 By almost every measure, Paul Pfingst is an unsentimental prosecutor. Last week the San Diego County district attorney said he full
2、y intends to try (1)_ Charles Andrew Williams, 15, as an adult (2)_ the Santana High School shootings. Even before the (3)_ Pfingst had stood behind the controversial California law that (4)_ treating murder suspects as young as 14 as adults. So nobody would have wagered that Pfingst would also be t
3、he first D.A.(district attorney) in the U.S. to (5)_ his very own Innocence Project. Yet last June, Pfingst told his attorneys to go back over old murder and rape (6)_ and see ff any unravel with newly developed DNA-testing tools. In other words, he wanted to revisit past victories this time playing
4、 for the other team. “I think people misunderstand being conservative (7)_ being biased“, says Pfingst. “I consider myself a pragmatic guy, and I have no interest in putting (8)_ people in jail“. Around the U.S., flabbergasted defense attorneys and their jailed clients cheered his move. Among prosec
5、utors, (9)_, there was an awkward pause. (10)_, each DNA test costs as much as $5,000. Then theres the (11)_ risk: if dozens of innocents (12, the D.A. will have indicted his shop. (13)_ nine months later, no budgets have been busted or prosecutors ousted. Only the rare case merits review. Pfingsts
6、team considers convictions before 1993, when the city started (14)_ DNA testing. They discard cases if the defendant has been released. Of the 560 (15)_ files, they have re-examined 200, looking for cases with biological evidence and defendants who still (16)_ innocence. They have identified three s
7、o far. The most compelling involves a man (17)_ 12 years for molesting a girl who was playing in his apartment. But others were there at the time. Police found a small drop of saliva on the (18)_ shirt too small a (19)_ to test in 1991. Today that spot could free a man. Test results are due any day.
8、 (20)_ by San Diego, 10 other counties in the U.S. are starting DNA audits. （ A） criminal （ B） suspect （ C） student （ D） executive （ A） for （ B） on （ C） with （ D） at （ A） incident （ B） comedy （ C） accident （ D） tragedy （ A） requires （ B） recommends （ C） mandates （ D） enforces （ A） launch （ B） ration
9、alize （ C） motivate （ D） dedicate （ A） conclusions （ B） convictions （ C） accusations （ D） justifications （ A） for （ B） as （ C） with （ D） into （ A） guilty （ B） suspicious （ C） innocent （ D） evil （ A） however （ B） therefore （ C） furthermore （ D） consequently （ A） In particular （ B） After all （ C） In f
10、act （ D） By Contrast （ A） potential （ B） transparent （ C） intentional （ D） considerate （ A） turn down （ B） turn up （ C） turn on （ D） turn off （ A） But （ B） Though （ C） Because （ D） However （ A） traditional （ B） random （ C） routine （ D） customary （ A） available （ B） accessible （ C） recognizable （ D）
11、remaining （ A） claim （ B） declare （ C） inquire （ D） proclaim （ A） observing （ B） serving （ C） sentencing （ D） inhabiting （ A） victims （ B） defendants （ C） clients （ D） prosecutors （ A） example （ B） therapy （ C） sample （ D） recipe （ A） Seduced （ B） Motivated （ C） Stimulated （ D） Inspired Part A Direc
12、tions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points) 21 The history of the computer in the twentieth century is one of dramatic adaptation and expansion. The computer had modest beginnings in areas where it was used as a specialist tool. Th
13、e first electronic computer was built in the 1930s and was solely for the use of undergraduate students in Iowa State University to handle mathematical computations in nuclear physics. In the 1960s an early version of the Internet, ARPPANET was used in computer science and engineering projects. Howe
14、ver, only 10 years later computers were starting to change our life style, the way we do business and many other things and by the late 1980s networks were expanding to embrace sections of the general public. Computerization has changed US high school education in many ways. Three different changes
15、that consider being important. The first is the use of the computer as teaching aid for teachers. The next is the massive data storage and fast data retrieval facilitated by computer. Then comes the changes brought about by the introduction of simulation software. How prevalent is the use of compute
16、rs in schools! As recently as the early 1980s only 20% of secondary science teachers in the USA were using microcomputers. However, since then high schools in the US have computerized rapidly. By 1987, schools had acquired about 1.5 million computers with 95% of public schools having at least one co
17、mputer. Computers can be used as teaching aids both in schools and in homes. In schools, for example, teachers can plug a computer into an especially equipped overhead projector to bring texts, graphics, sound and videos into a classroom. By these multimedia computer animations, teachers can more re
18、adily attract and retain students attention. Ann concludes that computer aided teaching can attract and motivate students who were dropping out when more traditional methods were being used. Let us now turn to the Internet. This is a global network connecting many local networks. Over the Internet,
19、high school students can retrieve information and databases from every networked library around the world in seconds. The World Wide Web provides an easy way to access hard-to-find information. Students can now reach any library through the global network and find what they want. The final step is t
20、o download the scanned image. Though the slow transmission of signal through the network is a major limiting factor, it can still save us much time in finding useful information, and thus it is an invaluable tool to both high school teachers and students. 21 The main point of paragraph 1 is to （ A）
21、outline the main causes of computerization. （ B） outline the main consequences of computerization. （ C） give background information on computerization. （ D） give the authors viewpoint on computerization. 22 The word “facilitated“(paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to （ A） caused. （ B） developed. （ C
22、） assisted. （ D） fascinated. 23 Computerization in school education seems to be （ A） yielding positive results. （ B） distracting the students attention. （ C） reducing the number of school dropouts. （ D） relieving the burden of the traditional teachers. 24 According to the passage, the major advantag
23、e of the Internet is （ A） its convenience in obtaining information. （ B） its wide and cheap access around the world. （ C） its ability to process information. （ D） its adaptability to computer hardware. 25 The authors attitude towards computerization seems to be （ A） indifferent. （ B） suspicious. （ C
24、） biased. （ D） supportive. 26 “WHATS the difference between God and Larry Ellison?“ asks an old software industry joke. Answer: God doesnt think hes Larry Ellison. The boss of Oracle is hardly alone among corporate chiefs in having a reputation for being rather keen on himself. Indeed, until the bub
25、ble burst and the public turned nasty at the start of the decade, the cult of the celebrity chief executive seemed to demand bossy narcissism, as evidence that a firm was being led by an all-conquering hero. Narcissus met a nasty end, of course. And in recent years, boss-worship has come to be seen
26、as bad for business. In his management bestseller, “Good to Great“, Jim Collins argued that the truly successful bosses were not the serf-proclaimed stars who adorn the covers of Forbes and Fortune, but instead self-effacing, thoughtful, monkish sorts who lead by inspiring example. A statistical ans
27、wer may be at hand. For the first time, a new study, “Its All About Me“, to be presented next week at the annual gathering of the American Academy of Management, offers a systematic, empirical analysis of what effect narcissistic bosses have on the firms they run. The authors, Arijit Chatterjee and
28、Donald Hambrick, of Pennsylvania State University, examined narcissism in the upper levels of 105 firms in the computer and software industries. To do this, they bad to solve a practical problem: studies of narcissism have hitherto relied on surveying individuals personally, something for which few
29、chief executives are likely to have time or inclination. So the authors devised an index of narcissism using six publicly available indicators obtainable without the co-operation of the boss. These are: the prominence of the bosss photo in the annual report; his prominence in company press releases;
30、 the length of his “Whos Who“ entry; the frequency of his use of the first person singular in interviews; and the ratios of his cash and non-cash compensation to those of the firms second-highest paid executive. Narcissism naturally drives people to seek positions of power and influence, and because
31、 great self-esteem helps your professional advance, say the authors, chief executives will tend on average to be more narcissistic than the general population. How does that affect a firm? Messrs Chatterjee and Hambrick found that highly narcissistic bosses tended to make bigger changes in the use o
32、f important resources, such as research and development, or in spending and leverage; they carried out more and bigger mergers and acquisitions; and their results were both more extreme (more big wins or big losses) and more transient than those of firms run by their humbler peers. For shareholders,
33、 that could be good or bad. Although (oddly) the authors are keeping their narcissism ranking secret, they have revealed that Mr. Ellison did not come top. Alas for him, that may be because the study limited itself to people who became the boss after 1991 well after he took the helm. In every respec
34、t Mr. Ellison seems to be the classic narcissistic boss, claims Mr. Chatterjee. There is life in the old joke yet. 26 The old software industry joke is used in the text to （ A） show the difference between God and Larry Ellison. （ B） emphasize the success of the boss of Oracle. （ C） illustrate how ch
35、ief executives manage their companies. （ D） introduce the topic of narcissism on top managerial level. 27 Jim Collins seems to believe that truly successful managers （ A） should encourage the staff by setting up examples. （ B） should not be regarded as stars by their employees. （ C） should ban boss-
36、worship in the companies they lead. （ D） should be as humble as possible in their company. 28 A practical problem with the “Its all about me“ study is that （ A） the survey takes too much time to be completed. （ B） the subjects for the survey may not be very cooperative. （ C） the bosses who are narci
37、ssistic are likely to tell lies to the surveyors. （ D） the six available indicators require the co-operation of the bosses. 29 According to the researchers, compared with humbler managers, narcissistic bosses are more likely to （ A） have faster professional advances. （ B） draw attention from the gen
38、eral population. （ C） dramatize the changes in their companies. （ D） use resources of the company in extreme ways. 30 We can infer from the passage that （ A） the results of the new study has already been publicized. （ B） the researchers think Mr. Ellison is more classic than narcissistic. （ C） the j
39、oke about Mr. Ellison is actually adapted from real life. （ D） the ranking might be different if the survey focused on an earlier period. 31 The human Y chromosome the DNA chunk that makes a man a man has lost so many genes over evolutionary time that some scientists have suspected it might disappea
40、r in 10 million years. But a new study says itll stick around. Researchers found no sign of gene loss over the past 6 million years, suggesting the chromosome is “doing a pretty good job of maintaining itself“, said researcher David Page of the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research in Cambridg
41、e, Mass. That agrees with prior mathematical calculations that suggested the rate of gene loss would slow as the chromosome evolved, Page and study co-authors note in Thursdays issue of the journal Nature. And, they say, it clashes with what Page called the “imminent demise“ idea that says the Y chr
42、omosome is doomed to extinction. The Y appeared 300 million years ago and has since eroded into a dinky chromosome, because it lacks the mechanism other chromosomes have to get rid of damaged DNA. So mutations have disabled hundreds of its original genes, causing them to be shed as useless. The Y no
43、w contains only 27 genes or families of virtually identical genes. In 2003, Page reported that the modern-day Y has an unusual mechanism to fix about half of its genes and protect them from disappearing. But he said some scientists disagreed with his conclusion. The new paper focuses on a region of
44、the Y chromosome where genes cant be fixed that way. Researchers compared the human and chimpanzee versions of this region. Humans and chimps have been evolving separately for about 6 million years, so scientists reasoned that the comparisons would reveal genes that have become disabled in one speci
45、es or the other during that time. They found five such genes on the chimp chromosome, but none on the human chromosome, an imbalance Page called surprising. “It looks like there has been little if any gene loss in our own species lineage in the last 6 million years“, Page said. That contradicts the
46、idea that the human Y chromosome has continued to lose genes so fast itll disappear in 10 million years, he said. “I think we can with confidence dismiss.the imminent demise theory“, Page said. Jennifer A. Marshall Graves of the Australian National University in Canberra, a gene researcher who argue
47、s for eventual extinction of the Y chromosome, called Pages work “beautiful“ but said it didnt shake her conviction that the Y is doomed. The only real question is when, not if, the Y chromosome disappears, she said. “It could be a lot shorter than 10 million years, but it could be a lot longer“, sh
48、e said. The Y chromosome has already disappeared in some other animals, and “theres no reason to expect it cant happen to humans“, she said. If it happened in people, some other chromosome would probably take over the sex-determining role of the Y, she said. 31 It can be inferred from the first 3par
49、agraphs that （ A） the human Y chromosome has stopped evolution. （ B） a man will no longer be a man in 10 million years. （ C） scientists are divided on the latest issue of Y chromosome. （ D） mathematical calculations are important in genetic studies. 32 Page seems to believe that （ A） the gene loss of Y chromosome is sure and fast. （ B） the gene loss of Y chromosome is quite slow. （ C） the Y chromosome is facing “imminent demise“. （ D） the Y chromosome will be replaced by a new
