1、考研英语模拟试卷 53及答案与解析 一、 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 1 Standard English is the variety of English which is usually used in print and which is normally taught in schools and to non-native
2、speakers learning the language. It is also the variety which is normally (1)_ by educated people and used in news broadcasts and other (2)_ situations. The difference between standard and nonstandard, it should be noted, has (3)_ in principle to do with differences between formal and colloquial (4)_
3、; standard English has colloquial as well as formal variants. (5)_, the standard variety of English is based on the London (6)_ of English that developed after the Norman Conquest resulted in the removal of the Court from Winchester to London. This dialect became the one (7)_ by the educated, and it
4、 was developed and promoted (8)_ a model, or norm, for wider and wider segments of society. It was also the (9)_ that was carried overseas, but not one unaffected by such export. Today, (10)_ English is arranged to the extent that the grammar and vocabulary of English are (11)_ the same everywhere i
5、n the world where English is used; (12)_ among local standards is really quite minor, (13)_ the Singapore, South Africa, and Irish varieties are really very (14)_ different from one another so far as grammar and vocabulary are (15)_.Indeed, Standard English is so powerful that it exerts a tremendous
6、 (16)_ on all local varieties, to the extent that many of long-established dialects of England have (17)_ much of their vigor and there is considerable pressure on them to be (18)_. This latter situation is not unique (19)_ English: it is also true in other countries where processes of standardizati
7、on are (20)_.But it sometimes creates problems for speakers who try to strike some kind of compromise between local norms and national, even supranational ones. （ A） said （ B） told （ C） talked （ D） spoken （ A） same （ B） similar （ C） equal （ D） identical （ A） anything （ B） something （ C） nothing （ D）
8、 everything （ A） language （ B） vocabulary （ C） idioms （ D） words （ A） Surprisingly （ B） Historically （ C） Interestingly （ D） Generally （ A） accent （ B） pronunciation （ C） spelling （ D） dialect （ A） preferred （ B） learned （ C） praised （ D） created （ A） to （ B） in （ C） as （ D） for （ A） basis （ B） norm
9、 （ C） rule （ D） variety （ A） formal （ B） colloquial （ C） non-standard （ D） standard （ A） not （ B） very （ C） much （ D） hardly （ A） variation （ B） standardization （ C） unification （ D） transformation （ A） therefore （ B） but （ C） so that （ D） nevertheless （ A） great （ B） much （ C） no （ D） little （ A） t
10、alked （ B） concerned （ C） mentioned （ D） involved （ A） press （ B） pressure （ C） power （ D） force （ A） lost （ B） gained （ C） missed （ D） got （ A） abandoned （ B） changed （ C） standardized （ D） reformed （ A） in （ B） of （ C） for （ D） to （ A） in the way （ B） under way （ C） out of the way （ D） all the way
11、 Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points) 21 Six years later, in an about-face, the FBI admits that federal agents fired tear gas canisters capable of causing a fire at the Branch Davidian compound near Waco, Texas i
12、n 1993. But the official said the firing came several hours before the structure burst into flames, killing 80 people including the Davidians leader, David Koresh. “In looking into this, weve come across information that shows some canisters that can be deemed pyrotechnic in nature were fired hours
13、before the fire started“, the official said. “Devices were fired at the bunker, not at the main structure where the Davidians were camped out“. The Federal Bureau of Investigation maintains it did not start what turned to be a series of fiery bursts of flames that ended a 51-day standoff between bra
14、nch members and the federal government. “This doesnt change the bottom line that David Koresh started the fire and the government did not“, the official said. “It simply Shows that devices that could probably be flammable were used in the early morning hours“. The law enforcement official said the c
15、anisters were fired not at the main structure where the Davidian members were camped out but at the nearby underground bunker. They bounced off the bunkers concrete roof and landed in an open field well, the official said. The canisters were fired at around 6 a.m., and the fire that destroyed the wo
16、oden compound started around noon, the official said. The official also added that other tear gas canisters used by agent that day were not flammable or potentially explosive. While Coulson denied the grenades played a role in starting the fire, his statement marked the first time that any U.S. gove
17、rnment official has publicly contradicted the governments position that federal agents used nothing on the final day of the siege at Waco that could have sparked the fire that engulfed the compound. The cause of the fiery end is a major focus of an ongoing inquiry by the Texas Rangers into the Waco
18、siege. 21 The FBI official has NOT admitted that_. （ A） the canisters were fired at the main structure （ B） the canisters were fired hours before the fire started （ C） federal agents fired tear gas canisters capable of causing a fire （ D） other tear gas canisters that were not flammable or potential
19、ly explosive were also used 22 From the passage, what information can be inferred about the event in 1993? （ A） The compound was blown up by the FBI agents. （ B） The compound burst into flames at dawn. （ C） The federal government besieged the compound for 51 days before the tragedy occurred. （ D） Ab
20、out 80 people were killed in the event except the Davidians leader, David Koresh. 23 After reading the passage, how much do you know about the compound near Waco? （ A） About 51 people lived in the compound at the time of the event in 1993. （ B） It consisted of a main structure and a bunker. （ C） It
21、was built of stone. （ D） It was a schoolhouse. 24 Coulsons speech has_. （ A） made the matter even more complicated and confusing （ B） been approved by the government （ C） met sharp criticism （ D） brought the whole matter into broad daylight 25 The attitude of the narrator towards this message is_. （
22、 A） neutral （ B） bitter （ C） excited （ D） expectant 26 The question of whether war is inevitable is one, which has concerned many of the worlds great writers. Before considering this question, it will be useful to introduce some related concepts. Conflict, defined as opposition among social entities
23、 directed against one another, is distinguished from competition, defined as opposition among social entities independently striving for something, which is in inadequate supply. Competitors may not be aware of one another, while the parties to a conflict are. Conflict and competition are both categ
24、ories of opposition, which has been defined as a process by which social entities function is the disservice of one another. Opposition is thus contrasted with cooperation, the process by which social entities function in the service of one another. These definitions are necessary because it is impo
25、rtant to emphasize that competition between individuals or groups in inevitable in a world of limited resources, but conflict is not. Conflict, nevertheless, is very likely to occur, and is probably an essential and desirable element of human societies. Many authors have argued for the inevitability
26、 of war from the premise that in the struggle for existence among animal species, only the fittest survive. In general, however, this struggle in nature is competition, not conflict. Social animals, such as monkeys and cattle, fight to win or maintain leadership of the group. The struggle for existe
27、nce occurs not in such fights, but in the competition for limited feeding areas and for occupancy of areas free from meat-eating animals. Those who fail in this competition starve to death or become victims to other species. This struggle for existence does not resemble human war, but rather the com
28、petition of individuals for jobs, markets, and materials. The essence of the struggle is the competition for the necessities of life that are insufficient to satisfy all. Among nations there is competition in developing resources, trades, skills, and a satisfactory way of life. The successful nation
29、s grow and prosper; the unsuccessful decline. While it is true that this competition may induce efforts to expand territory at the expense of others, and thus lead to conflict, it cannot be said that war-like conflict among nations is inevitable, although competition is. 26 In the first paragraph, t
30、he author gives the definitions of some terms in order to_. （ A） argue for the similarities between animal societies and human societies （ B） smooth out the conflicts in human societies （ C） distinguish between two kinds of opposition （ D） summarize the characteristic features of opposition and coop
31、eration 27 According to the author, competition differs from conflict in that_. （ A） it results in war in most cases （ B） it induces efforts to expand territory （ C） it is a kind of opposition among social entities （ D） it is essentially a struggle for existence 28 The phrase “function in the disser
32、vice of one another“ (Para. 1) most probably means_. （ A） betray each other （ B） harm one another （ C） help to collaborate with each other （ D） benefit one another 29 The author indicates in the passage that conflict_. （ A） is an inevitable struggle resulting from competition （ B） reflects the strug
33、gle among social animals （ C） is an opposition among individual social entities （ D） can be avoided 30 The passage is probably intended to answer the question“_“. （ A） Is war inevitable? （ B） Why is there conflict and competition? （ C） Is conflict desirable? （ D） Can competition lead to conflict? 31
34、 How efficient is our system of criminal trial? Does it really do the basic job we ask of it convicting the guilty and acquitting the innocent? It is often said that the British trail system is more like a game than a serious attempt to do justice. The lawyers on each side are so engrosses in playin
35、g hard to win, challenging each other and the judge on technical points, that the object of finding out the truth is almost forgotten. All the effort is concentrated on the big day, on the dramatic cross examination of the key witnesses in front of the jury. Critics like to compare our “adversarial“
36、 system (resembling two adversaries engaged in a contest) with the continental “inquisitorial“ system, under which the judge plays a more important inquiring role. In early times, in the Middle Ages, the systems of trial across Europe were similar. At that time trial by “ordeal“ especially a religio
37、us event was the main way of testing guilt or innocence. When this way eventually abandoned the two systems parted company. On the continent church-trained legal officials took over the function of both prosecuting and judging, while in England these were largely left to lay people, the Justice of t
38、he Peace and the jurymen who were illiterate and this meant that all the evidence had to be put to them orally. This historical accident dominates procedure even today, with all evidence being given in open court by word of mouth on the crucial day. On the other hand, in France for instance, all the
39、 evidence is written before the trial under supervision by an investigating judge. This exhaustive pretrial looks very undramatic; much of it is just a public checking of the written records already gathered. The Americans adopted the British system lock, stock and barrel and enshrined it in their c
40、onstitution. But, while the basic features of our systems are common, there are now significant differences in the way serious cases are handled. First, because the U.S.A. has virtually no contempt of court laws to prevent pretrial publicity in the newspaper and on television, Americans lawyers are
41、allowed to question jurors about knowledge and beliefs. In Britain this is virtually never allowed, and a random selection of jurors who are presumed not to be prejudiced are empanelled. Secondly, there is no separate profession of barrister in the United States, and both prosecution and defense law
42、yers who are to present cases in court prepare themselves. They go out and visit the scene, track down and interview witnesses, and familiarize themselves personally with the background. In Britain it is the solicitor who prepares the case, and the barrister who appears in court is not even allowed
43、to meet witness beforehand, British barristers also alternate doing both prosecution and defense work. Being kept distant from the preparation and regularly appearing for both sides, barristers are said to avoid becoming too personally involved, and can approach cases more dispassionately. American
44、lawyers, however, often know their cases better. Reformers rightly want to learn from other countries mistakes and successes. But what is clear is that justice systems, largely because they are the result of long historical growth, are peculiarly difficult to adapt piecemeal. 31 British trial system
45、 is more like a game than a serious attempt to do justice. It implies that_. （ A） the British legal system can do the basic job well convicting the guilty and acquitting the innocent （ B） the British legal system is worse than the continental legal system （ C） the British legal system is often consi
46、dered to be not very fair （ D） the British legal system is very efficient 32 Which of the following sentences is NOT true? （ A） Oral evidence was unnecessary in France because the judges and prosecutors could read. （ B） When trial by ordeal was finally abandoned throughout Europe, trial by jury was
47、introduced in Britain. （ C） In the adversarial system, it is the lawyers who play the leading roles. （ D） Lawyers in Britain are prepared to lie in order to win their cases. 33 In Britain, newspapers_. （ A） do the same as American newspapers do （ B） are not interested in publishing details about the
48、 trial before it takes place （ C） are not allowed to publish details about the trial before it takes place （ D） are allowed to publish details about the trial before it takes place 34 We can infer that American lawyers_. （ A） do not attempt to familiarize themselves with cases （ B） prepare the cases
49、 themselves （ C） tend to be more passionately involved in their cases （ D） tend to approach cases dispassionately 35 The passage_. （ A） questions whether the system of trial by jury can ever be completely efficient （ B） suggests a number of reforms which should be made to the legal system of various countries （ C） describes how the British legal system works and compares it favourably with other systems （ D） compares the legal system
