1、考研英语模拟试卷 62及答案与解析 一、 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 1 Humans have altered the worlds climate by (1)_ heat-trapping gases since almost the beginning of civilization and even prevented the
2、 start of an ice age several thousand years ago, a scientist said. Most scientists (2)_ a rise (3)_ global temperatures over the past century (4)_ to emissions of carbon dioxide (5)_ human activities like driving cars and operating factories. Dr. William Ruddiman, a professor at the University of Vi
3、rginia, said at a meeting of the American Geophysical Union (6)_ humans effect (7)_ climate went back nearly 10, 000 years (8)_ people gave up hunting and gathering and began farming. In a commentary accompanying the article, Dr. Thomas J. Crowley of Duke University, said he (9)_ Dr. Ruddimans premi
4、se at first. “But when I started reading, Dr. Crowley wrote, “I could not help but (10)_ whether he just might be (11)_ something.“ The climate of the last 10,000 years has been unusually stable, (12)_ civilization to flourish. But that is only because people chopped down swaths of forest in Europe,
5、 China and India for croplands and pastures. Carbon dioxide (13)_ by the destruction of the forests, plus methane, another heat-trapping gas, (14)_ by irrigated rice fields in Southeast Asia, trapped enough heat to (15)_ an expected natural cooling. Levels of carbon dioxide and methane rise and fall
6、 in natural cycles (16)_ thousands of years, and both reached a peak at the end of the last ice age 11;000 years ago. Both then declined (17)_ expected. Both (18)_ declining through the present day, leading to lower temperatures, and a new ice age should have begun 4,000 to 5,000 years ago, Dr. Rudd
7、iman said. Instead, levels of carbon dioxide reversed 8,000 wears ago. The decline (19)_ methane levels reversed 5,000 years ago, (20)_ with the advent of irrigation rice farming. （ A） generating （ B） generated （ C） originating （ D） originated （ A） apply （ B） attribute （ C） attend （ D） assign （ A） o
8、n （ B） at （ C） in （ D） to （ A） in part （ B） in segment （ C） in proportion （ D） in relation （ A） in （ B） for （ C） by （ D） as （ A） that （ B） which （ C） where （ D） when （ A） from （ B） to （ C） at （ D） on （ A） to （ B） since when （ C） as when （ D） to when （ A） was delighted with （ B） was taken aback by （
9、C） took to （ D） agreed to （ A） to wondering （ B） to be wondering （ C） wonder （ D） wondering （ A） on to （ B） on （ C） for （ D） against （ A） granting （ B） permitting （ C） prohibiting （ D） allowing （ A） released （ B） was released （ C） has been released （ D） had been released （ A） produced （ B） was produ
10、ced （ C） producing （ D） had been （ A） aggravate （ B） intensify （ C） offset （ D） provoke （ A） lasting （ B） lasted （ C） last （ D） have lasted （ A） to （ B） for （ C） as （ D） since （ A） have been （ B） would have been （ C） could have been （ D） should have （ A） for （ B） in （ C） about （ D） on （ A） coincided
11、 （ B） coinciding （ C） together （ D） contrary Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points) 21 More than two centuries after Benjamin Franklin used one to study lightning, a team of atmospheric scientists has found that ki
12、tes are a potent research tool for studying air conditions at high altitudes. Ben Balsley and John Briks at the University of Colorado have developed a kite and instrument package to sample the atmosphere up to 3.5 kilometers high, for up to two days at a time. The kite is cheaper and more flexible
13、than balloons and aircraft, the traditional vehicles for atmospheric research. Within two years the team expects to fly kites up to 10 kilometers high, and Briks hopes to use these to measure carbon dioxide and methane emissions over the Brazilian rainforest and the transport of air pollutants over
14、the Atlantic Ocean. The kite is a 15-square-meter Para foil made of Mylar, which is not only strong, but unlike nylon, Joes not absorb water. The kite “string“ is made of Kevlar, famous for its use in bullet-proof vests, which is so strong that 6 kilometers of it weighs just 18 kilograms, yet can wi
15、thstand a loading of 430 kilograms. The most innovative component of the system is the TRAM, or Tethered Rover for Atmospheric Measurements, which can move the sampling instruments up and down the tether while the kite maintains a constant altitude. “Our instruments measure such things as temperatur
16、e, pressure, humidity, and concentrations of ozone and other air pollutants,“ Beasley explains. “We need to get continuous measurements, over the course of days, from various altitudes. Conventional free balloon methods can sample such parameters, but they cannot stay in any one position, and are li
17、mited to altitudes of two kilometers. Aircraft can sample at any altitude, but they are very expensive to operate, and cannot remain in one position for more than four hours.“ The TRAM, which is actually a kite-like aerofoil connected by small wheels to the kites tether, can be operated from the gro
18、und. It will move up and down the tether, or maintain a given altitude while the instruments sample the air. “An important cost of balloon sampling is the instrument package, which typically costs about $1000, and is always lost.“ Basely says “Now we can use the instruments on the TRAM, and not only
19、 get more data, but reuse it again and again,“ The TRAM with its instruments, including the radiotelemetry link to the scientists on the ground, weighs 6 kilograms, including batteries that can power it for two days. Basely and his colleagues are continuing to improve the kite and TRMA, and expand i
20、ts capacities, but Basely notes that it does have its limitations: “The kite can only lift about 10 kilograms, and this means the equipments power requirements must be low, too. We need locations with steady, relatively strong winds, and must also avoid air traffic.“ 21 Which of the following statem
21、ents is NOT true according to the first two paragraphs of the passage? （ A） Kites have been found to be a useful tool in research on air conditions （ B） Balloons and aircraft are traditional tools in research on air conditions （ C） The kites can now fly up to 10 kilometers high （ D） The kites are ex
22、pected to fly higher and do more researches in the near future 22 Mylar in line 1 of the third paragraph is _. （ A） a kind of kite （ B） a kind of man-made material （ C） the name of a kite factory （ D） the name of a person 23 What does the word “which“ in line 3 of the third paragraph refer to? （ A）
23、Bullet-proof vests （ B） kite“ string“ （ C） The kite （ D） Kevlar 24 Which of the following advantages doesnt the TRAM have? （ A） The TRAM can help maintain continuous measurements （ B） The instruments on the TRAM can be used for many times （ C） The TRAM weighs only 18 kilograms （ D） The TRAM can be o
24、perated from the ground 25 The kite is limited by the following conditions EXCEPT for_. （ A） the strength of the wind （ B） air traffic conditions （ C） the power requirements of the equipment （ D） the movability of the TRAM 26 The right to a trial by jury is a fundamental part of the United States le
25、gal system. It is a right firmly rooted in our democratic tradition. The jury system provides a buffer between the complex and often inflexible legal system and the average citizen on trial. The right to be judged by a jury is a right that most Americans feel very strongly about. However, due to rec
26、ent jury decisions, some critics are questioning the value of this institution. Our jury system is by no means flawless. It is subject to constant scrutiny and debate concerning its merit and its downfalls. As is true in all institutions, juries are capable of making mistakes. Psychological studies
27、have been done on many aspects of jury behavior. Political scientists are also intrigued by juries and the manner in which they arrive at important decisions. Although most Americans believe in the jury system, there has been considerable controversy surrounding it lately. The public has become even
28、 more concerned about this institution recently. The outcomes of the Rodney King, the O.J. Simpson, and the Menendez brothers trials in Los Angeles and the dissatisfaction that followed the jurys decisions are three examples of instances when the effectiveness of the jury system has come under fierc
29、e attack. From the public reaction to these decisions and others like them, it is very clear that the way in which juries reach their decisions is often as important to the American people as it is to the specific person on trial. Many people feel that the average jurist is not equipped to make the
30、kinds of decisions they are faced with. These critics suggestions range from restructuring the system up to tally eliminating it. Most average Americans, I believe, feel that the right to a jury trial is a fundamental one, and its guarantees should be honored. These people would argue that laws are
31、inflexible. They cannot deal with the individual circumstances in each case, but juries can take these into account. Still others believe that juries are favorable because they reflect the morals and values of the community they come from. Indeed, many proponents of the jury support the system becau
32、se of a particular kind of jury bias, the tendency for jurors, to place justice above the law. Opponents of the system argue that juries are uneducated in legal procedures and should not be given the type of responsibility they have traditionally had. These people also argue that juries are biased.
33、In fact, the psychological literature provides many examples of this bias. Jurors are less likely to punish a sad or distressed defendant, as opposed to a joyful one, apparently because the defendant is already being punished emotionally. Some opponents say that although juries are instructed not to
34、 pay attention to the media, they are more easily influenced by the news than judges. Critics of the jury system also point out that juries are expensive and are often unable to reach an agreement. They argue that the decision making should be left up to the people who know the law, judges and lawye
35、rs. In between these two extremes are those people who agree with the jury system as a whole, but feel that some changes need to be implemented to improve its effectiveness. These people suggest that juries receive instruction prior to hearing testimony. They argue that this would improve the system
36、 by providing some working legal knowledge for the jury as well as giving them an idea of what they are to listen for. Research has shown that exposing jurors to the laws involved in their decision making resulted in significantly fewer verdicts of guilty. This finding suggests that lawyers and judg
37、es should have the responsibility of insuring that the jury is adequately informed of the legal issues at hand and the laws available to handle those issues. On the whole, though, I feel that the American guarantee of trial by jury is a valuable one. I do feel, however, that in order to improve its
38、utility, judges and lawyers need to accept the responsibility for educating the jury on relevant legal issues. 26 Some critics are questioning the value of the jury system probably because_. （ A） the jury system is unnecessarily complex and rigid （ B） recent jury decisions are made against the democ
39、ratic tradition （ C） there is constant debate about its merit and its downfalls （ D） Some juries.have made mistakes recently 27 Opponents of the jury system accuse jurors of_. （ A） placing justice above the law （ B） knowing nothing about the psychology of the accused （ C） not having enough knowledge
40、 of the law （ D） failing to consider individual circumstances of each crime 28 To which of the arguments does the author agree? _. （ A） The jury system is flawed beyond remedy （ B） Some improvements should be made on the jury system （ C） The jury system should be kept as it is （ D） The jury should b
41、e composed of judges and lawyers 29 It can be inferred from the fifth paragraph that_. （ A） the author is against the jury system （ B） the jury is seldom adequately informed about the ease he is hearing （ C） better educated people should be selected for the jury （ D） enough legal knowledge helps jur
42、ors make fairer decisions 30 The authors attitude towards the jury system is_. （ A） neutral （ B） biased （ C） negative （ D） positive 31 Darwin is basically right, though only to some extent that species and individuals compete, fight, kill and survival belongs to the fittest. This is one of the most
43、important mechanisms by which life evolves and maintains its quality. As the human society builds upon and is an extension of the ecosystem, does it mean that for the human society to work well, man must apply this mechanism to her/his society also; say, let those who are not skillful enough to land
44、 a job starve to death? We may be enlightened with respect to this question through the examination of evolution in an ecosystem in comparison to the human history. Taking the maritime swamp land as an example, the mangrove species Kandelia candle competes successfully over other mangrove species an
45、d dominate the area chiefly through the evolution of droppers that other species do not have. The seeds of Kandelia candle grow into seedlings inside the droppers before leaving their mother plant body and when the droppers still hang on the branches of their mother plant. The droppers shape is like
46、 a pen, with a sharp and heavier lower end. So when it ripens, it drops and inserts itself together with the seedling into the mud below as a result, and the seedling can get hold of the ground, start to tap the much fresher water under the mud surface. This adaptive evolution of droppers enables Ka
47、ndelia candle to have a much greater successful rate. Seeds of other mangrove species just find it difficult to locate a suitable site for them to grow. When it is the industrial society that dominates a place, it always exploits resources from the land, drains out nutrients from the soil and plays
48、environmental havoc to the place as a result of stupid human intelligence and selfish human manipulation. But when the mangrove dominates a mudflat, millions of Nature evolved complex mechanisms come together with it. It taps water, minerals from the mud and then let them to combine with carbon diox
49、ide in the air to form the building materials of its plant body first through the process of photosynthesis and then through the synthesis of various organic matters. The effect ends up providing much better and more diverse living environment for more land, water and air species to dwell in, even for other competing mangrove species. When different races of man compete to dominate the earth, the end result is completely opposite in sense. One of the means the
