1、考研英语模拟试卷 77及答案与解析 一、 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 1 In 1971 a team of experts prepared a report entitled “The Limits of Growth,“ based (1)_ a computer analysis of future economic trend
2、s. (2)_, presented in moderate language, the conclusions reached. (3)_,this inquiry are shocking (4)_, that world production growth is very great and persists unchecked, the experts demonstrate that only one outcome is possible a rather sudden, uncontrollable decline in population and industrial cap
3、acity (5)_ before the year 2100. For this disaster two main factors will be responsible: first, the acute shortage of farming land, which will lead (6)_ mass starvation, and (7)_ the absolute increase in industrial production, (8)_ will cancel any attempt to (9)_ pollution and will (10)_ exhaust nat
4、ural resources. These consequences will follow (11)_ technology temporarily succeeds (12)_ multiplying available resources; the sooner they are exploited, (13)_ they will be used up. There appears to be no alternative to the solution advocated by the authors of the report, (14)_ the immediate adopti
5、on (15)_ measures to restrict global investment in new plants and machinery to the rate (16)_ which physical capital now wears out. Unfortunately, (17)_ most party leaders are either blind to the urgency of these issues (18)_ are compelled to ignore them (19)_ the selfish interests of citizens on wh
6、ose votes they depend (20)_ political support. （ A） at （ B） by （ C） on （ D） in （ A） So （ B） Therefore （ C） However （ D） Though （ A） by （ B） at （ C） to （ D） on （ A） Assuming （ B） In case （ C） Apart from （ D） In addition （ A） sometime （ B） sometimes （ C） some time （ D） some times （ A） in （ B） to （ C）
7、by （ D） way （ A） on （ B） second （ C） lastly （ D） in addition （ A） that （ B） which （ C） one （ D） experts （ A） reduce （ B） increase （ C） compare （ D） match （ A） necessarily （ B） eventually （ C） timely （ D） doubtfully （ A） however （ B） furthermore （ C） even if （ D） because （ A） by （ B） in （ C） on （ D）
8、at （ A） the less （ B） the slower （ C） the sooner （ D） the fewer （ A） namely （ B） consequently （ C） moreover （ D） as a result （ A） to （ B） of （ C） by （ D） with （ A） at （ B） to （ C） by （ D） in （ A） however （ B） though （ C） providing （ D） even if （ A） and （ B） or （ C） neither （ D） but （ A） because of （
9、 B） apart from （ C） in addition to （ D） in spite of （ A） on （ B） by （ C） in （ D） for Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points) 21 One of the major problems of nuclear energy is the inability of scientists to discover
10、a safe way to dispose of the radioactive wastes which occur throughout the nuclear process. Many of these wastes remain dangerously active for tens of thousands of years, while others have a life span closer to a quarter of a million years. Various methods have been used to date, but all have reveal
11、ed weaknesses, forcing scientists to continue their search. The nuclear process involves several stages, with the danger of radioactivity constantly present. Fuel for nuclear reactors comes from uranium ore, which, when mined, spontaneously produces radioactive substances as byproducts. This charact
12、eristic of uranium ore went undetected for a long time resulting in the death, due to cancer, of hundreds of uranium miners. The United States attempted to bury much of its radioactive waste material in containers made of steel covered in concrete and capable of holding a million gallons. For a long
13、 time it was believed that the nuclear waste problem had been solved, until some of these tanks leaked, allowing the radioactive wastes to seep into the environment. Canada presently stores its nuclear waste in underwater tanks, with the long-term effects largely unknown. However, plans are under co
14、nsideration for above-ground storage of spent fuel from reactors. These plans include the building of three vast concrete containers, which would be two stories high and approximately the length and width of two football fields. Other suggestions include enclosing the waste in glass blocks and stori
15、ng them in underground caverns, or placing hot containers in the Antarctic region, where they would melt the ice, thereby sinking down adverse effect on the ice sheets. 21 It is implied in the passage that the primary difficulty in seeking a safe way to dispose of nuclear wastes is caused by_ （ A） t
16、he nuclear process involving the danger of radioactivity at its every stage （ B） fuel for nuclear reactors producing dangerous wastes （ C） the weakness scientists have found in every previous methods （ D） the nature of nuclear wastes together with their lengthy life span 22 According to the passage,
17、 uranium ore is very dangerous because_ （ A） it produces radioactive substances after it is dug out （ B） it has caused deaths of many miners （ C） the mining of it produces dangerous by-products （ D） there is a problem in mining techniques 23 According to the passage, scientists failed to_ （ A） disco
18、ver the characteristic of nuclear process （ B） discover the nature of uranium ore （ C） save the life of uranium miners （ D） store nuclear wastes in underwater tanks 24 Hot containers of nuclear wastes to be put in Antarctic region would_ （ A） remain above ice sheets （ B） be safe to environment （ C）
19、be highly probable （ D） remain under sea 25 The best title for the passage might be_ （ A） Nuclear Energy and Public Safety （ B） Uranium Ore and Its Characteristics （ C） Scientific Approach to Disposal of Nuclear Wastes （ D） Nuclear Process and Its Wastes 26 The use of heat pumps has been held back l
20、argely by skepticism about advertisers claims that heat pumps can provide as many as units of thermal energy for each unit of electrical energy used, thus apparently contradicting the principle of energy conservation. Heat pumps circulate a fluid refrigerant that cycles alternatively from its liquid
21、 phase to its vapor phase in a closed loop. The refrigerant, starting as a low-temperature, low-pressure vapor, enters compressor driven by an electric motor. The refrigerant leaves the compressor as a hot, dense vapor and flows through a heat exchanger called the condenser, which transfers heat fro
22、m the refrigerant to a body or air. Now the refrigerant, as a high-pressure, cooled liquid, confronts a flow restriction which causes the pressure to drop. As the pressure falls, the refrigerant expands and partially vaporizes, becoming chilled. It then passes through a second heat exchanger, the ev
23、aporator, which transfers heat from the air to the refrigerant, reducing the temperature of this second body of air. Of the two heat exchangers, one is located inside, and the other one outside the house, so each is in contact with a different body of air: room air and outside air, respectively. The
24、 flow direction of refrigerant through a heat pump is controlled by valves. When the refrigerant flow is reversed, the heat exchangers switch function. This flow-reversal capability allows heat pumps either to heat or cool room air. Now, if under certain conditions a heat pump puts out more thermal
25、energy than it consumes in electrical energy, has the law of energy conservation been challenged? No, not even remotely: the additional input of thermal energy into the circulating refrigerant via the evaporator accounts for the difference in the energy equation. Unfortunately, there is one real pro
26、blem. The heating capacity of a heat pump decreases as the outdoor temperature falls. The drop in capacity is caused by the lessening amount of refrigerant mass moved through the compressor at one time. The heating capacity is proportional to this mass flow rate: the less the mass of refrigerant bei
27、ng compressed, the less the thermal load it can transfer through the heat-pump cycle. The volume flow rate of refrigerant vapor through the single-speed rotary compressor used in heat pumps is approximately constant. But cold refrigerant vapor entering a compressor is at lower pressure than warmer v
28、apor. Therefore, the mass of cold refrigerant and thus the thermal energy it carries is less than if the refrigerant vapor were warmer before compression. Here, then, lies a genuine drawback of heat pumps: in extremely cold climates where the most heat is needed heat pumps are least able to supply e
29、nough heat. 26 The primary purpose, of the passage is to_ （ A） explain the differences in the working of a heat pump when the outdoor temperature changes （ B） contrast the heating and the cooling modes of heat pumps （ C） describe heat pumps, their use, and factors affecting their use （ D） advocate t
30、he more widespread use of heat pumps 27 It can be inferred from the passage that, in the course of a heating season, the heatingcapacity of h heat pump is greatest when_ （ A） heating is least essential （ B） electricity rates are lowest （ C） its compressor runs the fastest （ D） outdoor temperatures h
31、old steady 28 If the authors assessment of the use of heat pumps is correct, which of the following best expresses the lesson that advertisers should learn from this case?_ （ A） Do not make exaggerated claims about the products you are trying to promote. （ B） Focus your advertising campaign on vague
32、 analogies and veiled implications instead of on facts. （ C） Do not use facts in your advertising that will strain the prospective clients ability to believe. （ D） Do not assume in your advertising that the prospective clients know even the most elementary scientific principles. 29 According to the
33、passage, the role of the flow restriction in a heat pump is to_ （ A） measure accurately the flow rate of the refrigerant-mass at that point （ B） compress and heat the refrigerant vapor （ C） bring about the evaporation and cooling of refrigerant （ D） exchange heat between the refrigerant and the air
34、at that point 30 The author regards the notion that heat pumps have a genuine drawback as a （ A） cause for regret （ B） sign of premature defeatism （ C） welcome challenge （ D） focus for an educational campaign 31 In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic
35、management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, well-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human- relations“ experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he does not
36、whole-heartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue-and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management. The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves
37、out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings. Those higher up o
38、n the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self- respect. When they
39、apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From that moment on they are again and again tested by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability
40、, capacity to get along, etc. This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than ones fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness. Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of production or to the nineteenth c
41、entury tree enterprise capitalism? Certainly not. Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanis
42、t industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities those of love and of reason are the aims of all social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end, and should be prevented from ruling wan. 31 By “a well-oiled cog in the machinery“ the autho
43、r intends to render the idea that man is_ （ A） a necessary part of the society though each individuals function is negligible （ B） working in complete harmony with the rest of the society （ C） an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society though functioning smoothly （ D） a humble co
44、mponent of the society, especially when working smoothly 32 What is the real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees?_ （ A） They are likely to lose their jobs （ B） They have no genuine satisfaction or interest in life （ C） They are faced with the fundamental realities of human existence （
45、D） They are deprived of their individuality and independence 33 From the passage we can infer that real happiness of life belongs to those_ （ A） who are at the bottom of the society （ B） who are higher up in their social status （ C） who prove better than their fellow competitors （ D） who could keep
46、far away from this competitive world 34 To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should_ （ A） resort to the production mode of our ancestors （ B） offer higher wages to the workers and employees （ C） enable man to fully develop his potentialities （ D） take the fundamental real
47、ities for granted. 35 What is one of the authors attitude towards industrialism?_ （ A） Approval （ B） Dissatisfaction （ C） Suspicion （ D） Tolerance 36 America is the land of the automobile. This country has only 6 percent of the worlds population but 46 percent of the worlds cars. Right now, there ar
48、e 97 million privately owned cars consuming 75 billion gallons of gasoline and traveling an estimated 1,000 billion miles, a year. The figures also affirm something we know every time we refill our gasoline tank. The automobile is a very thirsty piece of technology. Of the total petroleum supply in
49、the United States, 30 percent goes to quench that thirst. Every year for each passenger car, about 800 gallons of gasoline are consumed. Other aspects of our commitment to the automobile also bear mentioning here, it takes a great deal of energy to manufacture one automobile about 150 million BTUs of energy. This is equivalent to 1,200 gallons of gasoline, enough to run a car for about 16,000 miles. We expend energy i
