1、Designation: D 1101 97a (Reapproved 2006)Standard Test Methods forIntegrity of Adhesive Joints in Structural Laminated WoodProducts for Exterior Use1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1101; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,
2、 in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe integrity of adhesive joints for structural laminated wood members, such as
3、 laminated archesand beams, should be at least equal to that of the wood. Because initial strength tests generally are notan adequate measure of integrity of adhesive joints under severe service conditions, a test thatsimulates the effects of exterior exposure has been devised to evaluate adhesive j
4、oints in structurallaminated wood members intended for this type of service.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover an accelerated means ofmeasuring the resistance to delamination of structural lami-nated wood members intended for exterior service.1.2 These test methods are not intended as substitutes
5、orreplacements for the more severe test of resistance to delami-nation in Specification D 2559, which is used to qualifyadhesives for structural laminated wood products for use underexterior (wet-use) exposure conditions under industry standardANSI/AITC A190.1-1992.1.3 Two test methods are included.
6、 Choice of test methoddepends on purpose of the test and available time to complete.1.3.1 Test Method AThis test requires 3 days to completeand is a method for determining the suitability of adhesives andmanufacturing techniques and equipment for production ofjoints adequate for exterior service.1.3
7、.2 Test Method BThis test requires approximately 1212h. (If excessive delamination occurs, the cycle is repeated). Itis a quality-control type test for examining adhesive jointquality.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informa
8、tiononly.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Ref
9、erenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 907 Terminology of AdhesivesD 2559 Specification for Adhesives for Structural Lami-nated Wood Products for Use Under Exterior (Wet Use)Exposure Conditions2.2 Other Standards:3ANSI/AITC A190.11992 Wood Products StructuralGlued Laminated Timber3. Terminology3.1 D
10、efinitionsMany terms in these test methods aredefined in Terminology D 907.3.1.1 glulam, nsynonym for structural-glued-laminatedtimber.3.1.2 structural-glued-laminated timber, nan engineeredstress-rated product of a timber laminating plant comprisingassemblies of specially selected and prepared wood
11、 lamina-tions securely bonded together with adhesives, with the fol-lowing characteristics: (1) the grain of all laminations isapproximately parallel longitudinally; and (2) the laminationsmay be comprised of pieces end-joined to form any length, ofpieces placed or glued edge-to-edge to make wider o
12、nes or ofpieces bent to curved form during gluing. (Synonym glulam)ANSI/AITC A190.1-1992. American National Standard forWood Products, Structural Glued Laminated Timber (Edited toconform with ASTM format).1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D14 onAdhesives and are the di
13、rect responsibility of Subcommittee D14.30 on WoodAdhesives.Current edition approved March 15, 2006. Published March 2006. Originallyapproved in 1997. Last previous edition approve in 1997 as D 1101 97a.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Ser
14、vice at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Driv
15、e, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 laminated wood, nthe fabricated product resultingfrom the bonding of two or more laminations, with eachlamination made from one or more pieces bonded eitherlengthwise, edgewise, o
16、r both, and all with the direction of thegrain essentially parallel, to form a larger piece such as astructural member.4. Significance and Use4.1 The test is suitable for check testing properly selectedsamples from regular production or for determining the suit-ability of adhesives and bonding techn
17、iques for the productionof joints for exterior service.4.2 Vary the number of specimens taken from each memberand the number of members selected for test depending on thetotal number of members involved and the purpose of the tests.It is advisable, however, to include at least three specimens inthe
18、test, with the specimens selected to represent the probablerange of quality of the adhesive joints.4.3 Adhesive joints at knots and knotty areas in general arenot dependable under severe exposures. Disregard develop-ment of delamination at knots and do not include in themeasurements or calculations.
19、5. Apparatus5.1 AutoclaveAn autoclave or similar pressure vesseldesigned to safely withstand pressures of at least 517 kPa (75psi) is required for impregnating the specimens with water.Equip the pressure vessel with a vacuum pump or similardevice capable of drawing a vacuum of at least 635 mm (25 in
20、.)Hg (at sea level) in the vessel, and a pump or similar device forobtaining pressure of at least 517 kPa (75 psi) (gage pressure).6. Test Specimens6.1 Prepare or select the test specimens in such a mannerthat they are representative of the production run. When the testis employed to investigate new
21、 adhesives and procedures,ensure that enough specimens are available to cover fully thevariables under study.6.2 Take each test specimen from a full cross-section of thelaminated member to be tested. Prepare by cutting perpendicu-lar to the grain of the wood, 76 mm (3 in.) in length (along thegrain)
22、. Cut the end-grain surfaces of the specimen with a sharpsaw or other tool that produces a smooth surface.6.3 Ensure that each test specimen is representative of allthe bond lines but need not necessarily include all, and thateach test specimen is at least 152 mm (6 in.) in depth, or thefull depth o
23、f section if less than 152 mm (6 in.) deep.6.4 Vary the number of specimens taken from each memberand the number of members selected for test, depending on thetotal number of members involved and the purpose of the tests.It is advisable, however, to include at least three specimens inthe test, with
24、the specimens selected to represent the probablerange of quality of the adhesive joints.TEST METHOD A7. Procedure7.1 Place the test specimens in the autoclave or pressurevessel and weight them down. Admit water at a temperature of18 to 27C (65 to 80F) in sufficient quantity so that thespecimens are
25、completely submerged. Separate the specimensby stickers, wire screens, or other means in such a manner thatall end grain surfaces are freely exposed to the water. Draw avacuum of 508 to 635 mm (20 to 25 in.) Hg (at sea level) andhold it for 5 min. Then release the vacuum and apply a pressureof 517 +
26、 34 kPa (75 6 5 psi) for 1 h. With the specimens stillcompletely immersed, repeat this vacuum pressure cycle mak-ing a two-cycle impregnating period requiring a total of 216 h.Dry the specimens for a period of between 21 and 22 h at 64to 67C (147 to 153F) and a relative humidity not greater than15 %
27、, in an oven capable of maintaining 45 to 50 air changesper minute when the oven is empty. During drying, place thespecimens at least 50 mm (2 in.) apart with the end-grainsurfaces parallel to the stream of air. Repeat the entiresoaking-drying cycle twice to comprise a total test period of 3days.7.2
28、 At the end of the final drying period, measure to thenearest 0.05 in. (1.3 mm) the total length of open adhesivejoints (delamination on the end grain surface of the specimens).Do not regard failure in the wood due to checking or othercauses as delamination (see Note 1). Ignore isolated delami-natio
29、n less than 2.5 mm (0.10 in.) long and more than 5.1 mm(0.20 in.) away from the nearest delamination.NOTE 1Delamination is a term used to express separation of the woodsurfaces at the adhesive joints. When the separation is in the wood, eventhough very close to the adhesive joint, it is termed wood
30、failure orchecking. Magnification is often necessary to determine whether thefailure is in the adhesive or in the wood. A feeler gage 0.08 to 0.10 mm(0.003 or 0.004 in.) in thickness is convenient for probing into the joint todetermine if separation actually exists. A circular fluorescent desk lampw
31、ith 53 viewing magnifier in the center of the lamp has been found towork well and aid in these determinations.TEST METHOD B8. Procedure8.1 Weigh and record to the nearest 1 g (0.002 lb) the weightof each test specimen. Place the test specimens in the autoclaveor pressure vessel and weight them down.
32、 Admit water, at atemperature of 18 to 29C (65 to 85F) in sufficient quantity sothat the specimens are completely submerged. Separate the testspecimens by stickers, wire screens, or other means in such amanner that all end-grain surfaces are freely exposed to thewater. Draw a vacuum of 508 to 635 mm
33、 (20 to 25 in.) Hg (atsea level) and hold it for 30 min. Then release the vacuum andapply a pressure of 517 6 34 kPa (75 6 5 psi) for 2 h. Dry thespecimens for a period of approximately 10 h at 71C (160F)in an oven capable of maintaining 45 to 50 air changes perminute when the oven is empty (see Not
34、e 2). During drying,place the test specimens at least 50 mm (2 in.) apart with theend grain surfaces parallel to the stream of air.NOTE 2The relationship between the air temperature and the wet bulbreading yields an approximate relative humidity of 8 to 10 % andcorresponds to a wet bulb depression o
35、f 70F or 39C.8.2 The actual time in the drying oven is controlled by theweight of the test specimens. When their weight has returned towithin 15 % of the original test specimen weight prior to thebeginning of the test, delamination is then observed andrecorded.D 1101 97a (2006)28.3 Measure to the ne
36、arest 1.3 mm (0.05 in.) the total lengthof open adhesive joints (delamination) on the end-grain sur-faces of the specimens. Do not regard failure in the wood dueto checking or other causes as delamination (see Note 1).Ignore isolated delamination less than 2.5 mm (0.10 in.) longand more than 5.1 mm
37、(0.20 in.) away from the nearestdelamination.8.4 If the delamination observed at this point exceeds 5 %,the entire cycle is repeated once and the delamination observedand recorded at the end of the second cycle.9. Calculation and Report9.1 Express the total length of open adhesive joints on thetwo e
38、nd-grain surfaces of each specimen as a percentage of theentire length of the adhesive joints exposed on these surfaces(except omit bond lines at knots and knotty areas). Report thisvalue as the percentage delamination of the specimen.10. Precision and Bias10.1 No precision and bias exist for these
39、test methods, asthe necessary resources have not been forthcoming.11. Keywords11.1 exterior use; glulam; laminated wood; structural-glued-laminated timber; structural laminated woodASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item
40、mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical commit
41、tee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a mee
42、ting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive,
43、PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D 1101 97a (2006)3
