1、Designation: D1101 97a (Reapproved 2013)Standard Test Methods forIntegrity of Adhesive Joints in Structural Laminated WoodProducts for Exterior Use1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1101; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, i
2、n the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe integrity of adhesive joints for structural laminated wood members, such as la
3、minated archesand beams, should be at least equal to that of the wood. Because initial strength tests generally are notan adequate measure of integrity of adhesive joints under severe service conditions, a test thatsimulates the effects of exterior exposure has been devised to evaluate adhesive join
4、ts in structurallaminated wood members intended for this type of service.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover an accelerated means ofmeasuring the resistance to delamination of structural lami-nated wood members intended for exterior service.1.2 These test methods are not intended as substitutes orr
5、eplacements for the more severe test of resistance to delami-nation in Specification D2559.1.3 Two test methods are included. Choice of test methoddepends on purpose of the test and available time to complete.1.3.1 Test Method AThis test requires 3 days to completeand is a method for determining the
6、 suitability of adhesives andmanufacturing techniques and equipment for production ofjoints adequate for exterior service.1.3.2 Test Method BThis test requires approximately 1212h. (If excessive delamination occurs, the cycle is repeated). Itis a quality-control type test for examining adhesive join
7、tquality.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to esta
8、blish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D907 Terminology of AdhesivesD2559 Specification for Adhesives for Bonded StructuralWood Products for Use Under Exterior Exposure Condi-ti
9、ons2.2 Other Standards:3ANSI A190.12012 American Nation Standard for WoodProductsStructural Glued Laminated Timber3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsMany terms in these test methods aredefined in Terminology D907.3.1.1 glulam, nsynonym for structural-glued-laminatedtimber.3.1.2 structural-glued-laminated
10、timber, nan engineeredstress-rated product of a timber laminating plant comprisingassemblies of specially selected and prepared wood lamina-tions securely bonded together with adhesives, with the fol-lowing characteristics: (1) the grain of all laminations isapproximately parallel longitudinally; an
11、d (2) the laminationsmay be comprised of pieces end-joined to form any length, ofpieces placed or glued edge-to-edge to make wider ones or ofpieces bent to curved form during gluing. (Synonym glulam)ANSI A190.1-2012. American National Standard for WoodProductsStructural Laminated.3.2 Definitions of
12、Terms Specific to This Standard:1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D14 onAdhesives and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D14.30 on WoodAdhesives.Current edition approved May 1, 2013. Published July 2013. Originally approvedin 1997. Last previous edition appr
13、ove in 2006 as D1101 97a (2006). DOI:10.1520/D1101-97AR13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Av
14、ailable from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2.1 laminated wood, nthe fabricated product resultingfrom th
15、e bonding of two or more laminations, with eachlamination made from one or more pieces bonded eitherlengthwise, edgewise, or both, and all with the direction of thegrain essentially parallel, to form a larger piece such as astructural member.4. Significance and Use4.1 The test is suitable for check
16、testing properly selectedsamples from regular production or for determining the suit-ability of adhesives and bonding techniques for the productionof joints for exterior service.4.2 Vary the number of specimens taken from each memberand the number of members selected for test depending on thetotal n
17、umber of members involved and the purpose of the tests.It is advisable, however, to include at least three specimens inthe test, with the specimens selected to represent the probablerange of quality of the adhesive joints.4.3 Adhesive joints at knots and knotty areas in general arenot dependable und
18、er severe exposures. Disregard develop-ment of delamination at knots and do not include in themeasurements or calculations.5. Apparatus5.1 AutoclaveAn autoclave or similar pressure vesseldesigned to safely withstand pressures of at least 517 kPa (75psi) is required for impregnating the specimens wit
19、h water.Equip the pressure vessel with a vacuum pump or similardevice capable of drawing a vacuum of at least 635 mm (25 in.)Hg (at sea level) in the vessel, and a pump or similar device forobtaining pressure of at least 517 kPa (75 psi) (gage pressure).6. Test Specimens6.1 Prepare or select the tes
20、t specimens in such a mannerthat they are representative of the production run.When the testis employed to investigate new adhesives and procedures,ensure that enough specimens are available to cover fully thevariables under study.6.2 Take each test specimen from a full cross-section of thelaminated
21、 member to be tested. Prepare by cutting perpendicu-lar to the grain of the wood, 76 mm (3 in.) in length (along thegrain). Cut the end-grain surfaces of the specimen with a sharpsaw or other tool that produces a smooth surface.6.3 Ensure that each test specimen is representative of allthe bond line
22、s but need not necessarily include all, and thateach test specimen is at least 152 mm (6 in.) in depth, or thefull depth of section if less than 152 mm (6 in.) deep.6.4 Vary the number of specimens taken from each memberand the number of members selected for test, depending on thetotal number of mem
23、bers involved and the purpose of the tests.It is advisable, however, to include at least three specimens inthe test, with the specimens selected to represent the probablerange of quality of the adhesive joints.TEST METHOD A7. Procedure7.1 Place the test specimens in the autoclave or pressurevessel a
24、nd weight them down.Admit water at a temperature of18 to 27C (65 to 80F) in sufficient quantity so that thespecimens are completely submerged. Separate the specimensby stickers, wire screens, or other means in such a manner thatall end grain surfaces are freely exposed to the water. Draw avacuum of
25、508 to 635 mm (20 to 25 in.) Hg (at sea level) andhold it for 5 min. Then release the vacuum and apply a pressureof 517 + 34 kPa (75 6 5 psi) for 1 h. With the specimens stillcompletely immersed, repeat this vacuum pressure cycle mak-ing a two-cycle impregnating period requiring a total of 216 h.Dry
26、 the specimens for a period of between 21 and 22 h at 64to 67C (147 to 153F) and a relative humidity not greater than15 %, in an oven capable of maintaining 45 to 50 air changesper minute when the oven is empty. During drying, place thespecimens at least 50 mm (2 in.) apart with the end-grainsurface
27、s parallel to the stream of air. Repeat the entiresoaking-drying cycle twice to comprise a total test period of 3days.7.2 At the end of the final drying period, measure to thenearest 0.05 in. (1.3 mm) the total length of open adhesivejoints (delamination on the end grain surface of the specimens).Do
28、 not regard failure in the wood due to checking or othercauses as delamination (see Note 1). Ignore isolated delami-nation less than 2.5 mm (0.10 in.) long and more than 5.1 mm(0.20 in.) away from the nearest delamination.NOTE 1Delamination is a term used to express separation of the woodsurfaces at
29、 the adhesive joints. When the separation is in the wood, eventhough very close to the adhesive joint, it is termed wood failure orchecking. Magnification is often necessary to determine whether thefailure is in the adhesive or in the wood. A feeler gage 0.08 to 0.10 mm(0.003 or 0.004 in.) in thickn
30、ess is convenient for probing into the joint todetermine if separation actually exists. A circular fluorescent desk lampwith 5 viewing magnifier in the center of the lamp has been found towork well and aid in these determinations.TEST METHOD B8. Procedure8.1 Weigh and record to the nearest 1 g (0.00
31、2 lb) the weightof each test specimen. Place the test specimens in the autoclaveor pressure vessel and weight them down. Admit water, at atemperature of 18 to 29C (65 to 85F) in sufficient quantity sothat the specimens are completely submerged. Separate the testspecimens by stickers, wire screens, o
32、r other means in such amanner that all end-grain surfaces are freely exposed to thewater. Draw a vacuum of 508 to 635 mm (20 to 25 in.) Hg (atsea level) and hold it for 30 min. Then release the vacuum andapply a pressure of 517 6 34 kPa (75 6 5 psi) for 2 h. Dry thespecimens for a period of approxim
33、ately 10 h at 71C (160F)in an oven capable of maintaining 45 to 50 air changes perminute when the oven is empty (see Note 2). During drying,place the test specimens at least 50 mm (2 in.) apart with theend grain surfaces parallel to the stream of air.D1101 97a (2013)2NOTE 2The relationship between t
34、he air temperature and the wet bulbreading yields an approximate relative humidity of 8 to 10 % andcorresponds to a wet bulb depression of 70F or 39C.8.2 The actual time in the drying oven is controlled by theweight of the test specimens.When their weight has returned towithin 15 % of the original t
35、est specimen weight prior to thebeginning of the test, delamination is then observed andrecorded.8.3 Measure to the nearest 1.3 mm (0.05 in.) the total lengthof open adhesive joints (delamination) on the end-grain sur-faces of the specimens. Do not regard failure in the wood dueto checking or other
36、causes as delamination (see Note 1).Ignore isolated delamination less than 2.5 mm (0.10 in.) longand more than 5.1 mm (0.20 in.) away from the nearestdelamination.8.4 If the delamination observed at this point exceeds 5 %,the entire cycle is repeated once and the delamination observedand recorded at
37、 the end of the second cycle.9. Calculation and Report9.1 Express the total length of open adhesive joints on thetwo end-grain surfaces of each specimen as a percentage of theentire length of the adhesive joints exposed on these surfaces(except omit bond lines at knots and knotty areas). Report this
38、value as the percentage delamination of the specimen.10. Precision and Bias10.1 No precision and bias exist for these test methods, asthe necessary resources have not been forthcoming.11. Keywords11.1 exterior use; glulam; laminated wood; structural-glued-laminated timber; structural laminated woodA
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42、e on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).D1101 97a (2013)3
