1、Designation: D 116 86 (Reapproved 2006)Standard Test Methods forVitrified Ceramic Materials for Electrical Applications1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 116; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 These test methods outline p
3、rocedures for testingsamples of vitrified ceramic materials that are to be used aselectrical insulation. Where specified limits are mentionedherein, they shall not be interpreted as specification limits forcompleted insulators.1.2 These test methods are intended to apply to unglazedspecimens, but th
4、ey may be equally suited for testing glazedspecimens. The report section shall indicate whether glazed orunglazed specimens were tested.1.3 The test methods appear as follows:Procedure SectionCompressive strength 6 C 773Dielectric strength 13 D 618, D 149Elastic properties 8 C 623Electrical resistiv
5、ity 15 D 618, D 257, D 1829Flexural strength 7 C 674, F 417Hardness 9 C 730, E18Porosity 5 C 373Relative permittivity and dissipation factor 14 D 150, D 2149, D 2520Specific gravity 4C20, C 329, F77Thermal conductivity 10 C 177, C 408Thermal expansion 12 C 539, E 228Thermal shock resistance 111.4 Th
6、is standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautions
7、tatements are given in 11.3, 13.5, and 15.3.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C20 Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Water Absorp-tion, Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density ofBurned Refractory Brick and Shapes by Boiling WaterC 177 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measure-ment
8、s and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means ofthe Guarded-Hot-Plate ApparatusC 329 Test Method for Specific Gravity of Fired CeramicWhiteware MaterialsC 373 Test Method for Water Absorption, Bulk Density,Apparent Porosity, and Apparent Specific Gravity of FiredWhiteware ProductsC 408 Test Method
9、for Thermal Conductivity of WhitewareCeramicsC 539 Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Por-celain Enamel and Glaze Frits and Ceramic WhitewareMaterials by Interferometric MethodC 623 Test Method for Youngs Modulus, Shear Modulus,and Poissons Ratio for Glass and Glass-Ceramics byResonanceC 67
10、4 Test Methods for Flexural Properties of CeramicWhiteware MaterialsC 730 Test Method for Knoop Indentation Hardness ofGlassC 773 Test Method for Compressive (Crushing) Strength ofFired Whiteware MaterialsD 149 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage andDielectric Strength of Solid Electrical I
11、nsulating Materialsat Commercial Power FrequenciesD 150 Test Methods for AC Loss Characteristics and Per-mittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Solid Electrical Insula-tionD 257 Test Methods for DC Resistance or Conductance ofInsulating MaterialsD 618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for TestingD 638
12、Test Method for Tensile Properties of PlasticsD 1829 Test Method for Electrical Resistance of CeramicMaterials at Elevated Temperatures3D 2149 Test Method for Permittivity (Dielectric Constant)And Dissipation Factor Of Solid Dielectrics At Frequen-cies To 10 MHz And Temperatures To 500CD 2520 Test M
13、ethods for Complex Permittivity (DielectricConstant) of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials at Mi-crowave Frequencies and Temperatures to 1650C1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C21 onCeramic Whitewares and Related Products and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommit
14、tee C 21.03 on Methods for Whitewares and Environmental Concerns.Current edition approved Feb. 15, 2006. Published February 2006. Originallyapproved in 1921. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D 116 86 (1999).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM
15、 Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.E18 Test Methods fo
16、r Rockwell Hardness and RockwellSuperficial Hardness of Metallic MaterialsE 288 Practice for Specimen Preparation for Determinationof Linear Thermal Expansion of Vitreous Glass Enamelsand Glass Enamel Frits by the Dilatometer Method3F77 Test Method for Apparent Density of Ceramics forElectron Device
17、 and Semiconductor Application3F 417 Test Method for Flexural Strength (Modulus of Rup-ture) of Electronic-Grade Ceramics33. Significance and Use3.1 For any given ceramic composition, one or more of theproperties covered herein may be of more importance for agiven insulating application than the oth
18、er properties. Thus, itmay be appropriate that selected properties be specified fortesting these ceramic materials.3.2 Pertinent statements of the significance of individualproperties may be found in the sections pertaining to suchproperties.4. Specific Gravity4.1 ScopeThree methods are given, provi
19、ding for accu-racy, convenience, or testing of small specimens.4.2 Significance and UseSpecific gravity measurementsprovide data indicating the control of quality of the ceramicmaterial. The thermal maturity of specimens may be estimatedfrom such data. Specific gravity data are related to electrical
20、,thermal, and mechanical properties of ceramics.4.3 Procedure:4.3.1 When the destruction of the specimen can be toleratedand the highest precision is required, determine the specificgravity in accordance with Test Method C 329.4.3.2 When it is not desirable to destroy the specimen andless precise va
21、lues are acceptable, determine the specificgravity in accordance with Test Methods C20.4.3.3 When only a very small specimen is available, deter-mine the specific gravity in accordance with Test Method F77.5. Porosity5.1 ScopeThree methods are given based on the relativeporosity of the specimens.5.2
22、 SignificanceAmount of porosity of a specimen is usedas a check on structural reproducibility and integrity.5.3 Method A:5.3.1 In the case of relatively porous ceramics (waterabsorption greater than 0.1 %), determine the porosity as waterabsorption in accordance with Test Method C 373.NOTE 1Test Met
23、hod C 373 has been found suitable for determiningwater absorption in the range of 0.1 %, although that method was derivedspecifically for absorptions exceeding 3.0 %.5.3.2 An alternative to Method A, using gas as a fluid, maybe found in the literature.4,55.4 Method BDye Penetration Under Pressure:5.
24、4.1 ApparatusThe apparatus shall consist of a suitablepressure chamber of such dimensions as to accommodate thetest specimen when immersed in the dye solution with arrange-ments for obtaining and maintaining the required pressure forthe required time.5.4.2 ReagentAfuchsine dye solution consisting of
25、1gofbasic fuchsine in 1 L of 50 % reagent ethyl alcohol is suitable.5.4.3 SpecimensThe specimens shall be freshly brokenfragments of the ceramic body, having clean and apparentlyunshattered surfaces exposed.At least 75 % of the area of suchspecimens should be free of glaze or other surface treatment
26、.Fragments approximately 5 mm in the smallest dimension upto 20 mm in the largest dimensions are recommended.5.4.4 Procedure:5.4.4.1 Place the specimen fragments in the pressure cham-ber and immerse completely in the fuchsine solution.5.4.4.2 Apply a pressure of 28 MPa (4000 psi) 6 10 % forapproxima
27、tely 15 h. An optional pressure of 70 MPa (10 000psi) 6 10 % for 6 h may be used.5.4.4.3 At the conclusion of the application of the testpressure, remove the specimens from the pressure chamber,rinse and dry thoroughly, and break as soon as possible forvisual examination.5.4.4.4 Porosity is indicate
28、d by penetration of the dye intothe ceramic body to an extent visible to the unaided eye.Disregard any penetration into small fissures formed in prepar-ing the test specimen.5.4.5 ReportThe report shall include a statement of theobservations recorded in accordance with the examination in5.4.4.4.5.4.
29、6 Precision and BiasThis method has been in use formany years, but no statement for precision has been made andno activity is planned to develop such a statement.Astatementof bias is unavailable in view of the lack of a standard referencematerial for this property.5.5 Method CDye Penetration Under A
30、tmospheric Pres-sure:5.5.1 ApparatusThe apparatus shall consist of a suitableopen-air chamber of such dimensions as to accommodate thetest specimens when immersed in the dye solution.5.5.2 ReagentThe fuchsine solution of 5.4.2 is suitable.5.5.3 SpecimensThe specimens of 5.4.3 are suitable.5.5.4 Proc
31、edure:5.5.4.1 Place the test specimens in the chamber and im-merse completely in the fuchsine solution.5.5.4.2 Permit the specimens to remain immersed for 5 minor longer, remove, rinse, dry thoroughly and break as soon aspossible for visual examination.4Wasburn, E. W. and Bunting, E. N., “The Determ
32、ination of the Porosity ofHighly Vitrified Bodies,” Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol 5, 1922, pp.527535.5Navias, Louis, “Metal Porosimeter for Determining the Pore Volume of HighlyVitrified Ware,” Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol 8, 1925, pp.816821.D 116 86 (2006)25.5.4.3 Por
33、osity is indicated by penetration into the ceramicbody to an extent visible with the unaided eye. Disregard anypenetration into small fissure formed in the preparation of thespecimens.5.5.5 ReportThe report shall include a statement of theobservations recorded in accordance with the examination in5.
34、5.4.3.5.5.6 Precision and BiasThis method has been in use formany years, but no statement for precision has been made andno activity is planned to develop such a statement.Astatementof bias is unavailable in view of the lack of a standard referencematerial for this property.6. Compressive Strength6.
35、1 ScopeThese methods provide for the determination ofthe compressive (crushing) strengths of the full range ofceramics from relatively weak to the very strongest.6.2 Significance and UseSince many ceramic insulatorsare subjected to compressive stresses, knowledge of thisproperty is important. The te
36、st yields data that are useful forpurposes of design, specification, quality control, research, andin the comparison of ceramic materials.6.3 ProcedureDetermine compressive strength in accor-dance with Test Method C 773.7. Flexural Strength7.1 Scope:7.1.1 This test method includes two procedures: fo
37、r testinga material for characterization purposes and for testing thematerial constituting the finished ware.7.1.2 For the characterization of ceramic compositions,when relatively large specimens may be easily produced,Method A is recommended. Method B is acceptable.7.1.3 When specimens must be cut
38、from a fired sampleMethod B is recommended.7.2 Significance and UseFlexural strength correlates withother mechanical strength properties and is generally theeasiest and most economical test procedure available. Thevalues are useful for purposes of design, quality control,research, and the comparison
39、 of different ceramic composi-tions.7.3 Procedure:7.3.1 Method ADetermine the flexural strength in accor-dance with Test Methods C 674.7.3.2 Method BMicrobar MOR TestDetermine the flex-ural strength in accordance with Test Method F 417.8. Elastic Properties8.1 ScopeThis method obtains, as a function
40、 of tempera-ture, Youngs modulus of elasticity, the shear modulus (modu-lus of rigidity), and Poissons ratio for vitrified ceramicmaterials.8.2 Significance and UseThe elastic properties of a ce-ramic are important design parameters for load-bearing appli-cations and give indications of relative rig
41、idity of a material.8.3 ProcedureDetermine the elastic properties in accor-dance with Test Method C 623.9. Hardness9.1 ScopeTwo methods are given. Method A requireslittle in the way of specimen preparation and has a limitedcapability of differentiating between samples. Method B re-quires preparation
42、 of a polished section of the specimen andhas an extended limit of differentiation between samples.9.2 Significance and UseHardness can be used as aneasily obtained indicator of the thermal maturity of a specimen,particularly when used in conjunction with the specimenspecific gravity.9.3 Procedure:9
43、.3.1 Method ADetermine the Rockwell superficial hard-ness in accordance with Test Methods E18. Use the Type NScale and a 45-kg major load.9.3.2 Method BDetermine the Knoop hardness in accor-dance with Test Method C 730. Use a polished surface and a1-kg load.10. Thermal Conductivity10.1 ScopeThe reco
44、mmended procedures allow the deter-mination of the thermal conductivity of ceramic materials from40 to 150C (100 to 300F).10.2 SignificanceA ceramic insulator may be subjectedfrequently to thermal shock or required to dissipate heat energyfrom electrically energized devices. Thermal conductivitychar
45、acteristics are useful in designing ceramic insulators forservice, research, quality control, and comparison of ceramiccompositions.10.3 ProcedureDetermine the thermal conductivity inaccordance with Test Method C 408.NOTE 2If thermal conductivity values over a broader temperaturerange of a lower ord
46、er of magnitude than those obtainable using TestMethod C 408 are required, Test Method C 177 may be used.11. Thermal Shock Resistance11.1 ScopeThese thermal shock tests may be used for thedetermination of the resistance of a given ceramic material tosimulated environmental heat service conditions.11
47、.2 Significance and UseThese tests serve as an evalu-ation of the resistance of a particular ceramic composition,shape, and dimension to temperature stress relative to anothercomposition of the same shape and dimensions.11.3 Hazards(WarningAcetone vapors are flammableand poisonous and should not be
48、breathed. The bath in 11.4.2shall be operated in a vented hood with no open flames orsparks nearby.)(WarningUnder certain conditions some ceramic speci-mens can disintegrate explosively, sending out fragments atdamage-producing velocities and causing splashing of bathmediums.)(WarningFace shields, l
49、ong-sleeve coat, and insulatinggloves shall be worn by test personnel to prevent injury.)11.4 Apparatus:11.4.1 Liquid Cold Bath, maintained at 1C (1.8F) andconsisting of chopped ice and water.11.4.2 Liquid Cold Bath, maintained at 75 6 2C (103 63.6F) and consisting of acetone and chopped dry ice.D 116 86 (2006)311.4.3 Dry Cold Bath, maintained at any (usually simulatedservice) temperature desired, but controlled to 65C (69F)and consisting of a fluidized sand bath rolled gently withprecooled dry air or nitrogen.11.4.4 Liquid
