1、Designation: D1322 122D1322 14 An American National StandardDesignation: 598/12Standard Test Method forSmoke Point of Kerosine and Aviation Turbine Fuel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1322; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption
2、or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1 N
3、OTECorrected Note 4 and Table A1.1 editorially in February 2013.2 NOTECorrected 10.2.2 and Note 4 editorially in February 2014.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers two procedures for determination of the smoke point of kerosine and aviation turbine fuel, a manualprocedure and an automated procedure,
4、 which give results with different precision.1.2 An interlaboratory study was conducted in 2012 (see ASTM RR:D02-1747 for supporting data) involving 11 manuallaboratories and 13 automated laboratories, with 15 samples tested in blind duplicate. The automated procedure demonstratedobjective rating an
5、d superior control and should be considered the preferred approach.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use.
6、It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD6299 Pract
7、ice for Applying Statistical Quality Assurance and Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate Analytical Measure-ment System Performance2.2 Energy Institute Standard:3IP 367 Petroleum products - Determination and application of precision data in relation to methods of testIP 598 Petroleum products - De
8、termination of the smoke point of kerosine, manual and automated methodNOTE 1Only IP 598 published in 2012 by the Institute of Petroleum (now Energy Institute) is equivalent to D1322; IP 57 is not equivalent.3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 aviation turbine fuel, nrefined petroleum distillate, ge
9、nerally used as a fuel for aviation gas turbines.3.1.1.1 DiscussionDifferent grades are characterized by volatility ranges, freeze point, and by flash point.3.1.2 kerosine, nrefined petroleum distillate, boiling between 140 and 300C, generally used in lighting and heatingapplications.1 This test met
10、hod is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.J0.03 on Combustion and Thermal Properties.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2012Oct. 1, 2014. Published November 2012December 2014. Originally ap
11、proved in 1954. Last previous edition approved in 20082012as D1322D1322 12108 DOI: 10.1520/D1322-12.10.1520/D1322-14.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to
12、the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR, U.K., http:/www.energyinst.org.uk.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have be
13、en made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official documen
14、t.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.2.1 DiscussionDifferent grades are characterized by volatility ranges and sulfur content.3.2 Definitions of Terms S
15、pecific to This Standard:3.2.1 smoke point, nthe maximum height, in millimetres, of a smokeless flame of fuel burned in a wick-fed lamp of specifieddesign.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The sample is burned in an enclosed wick-fed lamp that is calibrated against pure hydrocarbon blends of known smokep
16、oint. The maximum height of flame that can be achieved with the test fuel without smoking is determined to the nearest 0.5 mmwith the manual apparatus and to the nearest 0.1 mm with the automated apparatus.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides an indication of the relative smoke produ
17、cing properties of kerosines and aviation turbine fuelsin a diffusion flame. The smoke point is related to the hydrocarbon type composition of such fuels. Generally the more aromaticthe fuel the smokier the flame. A high smoke point indicates a fuel of low smoke producing tendency.5.2 The smoke poin
18、t is quantitatively related to the potential radiant heat transfer from the combustion products of the fuel.Because radiant heat transfer exerts a strong influence on the metal temperature of combustor liners and other hot section parts ofgas turbines, the smoke point provides a basis for correlatio
19、n of fuel characteristics with the life of these components.6. Apparatus6.1 Smoke Point Lamp (Manual), as shown in Fig. 1 and described in detail in Annex A1.6.2 Smoke Point Lamp (Automated)4, in addition to the basic components described in AnnexA1, as shown in Fig. 2, automatedunits also shall be
20、equipped with a digital camera connected to a computer to analyze and record the height of the flame, a candledisplacement system to adjust the height of the flame, and a barometric pressure acquisition system associated to a calibrationdatabase to select the right calibration value for the automati
21、c calculation of the correction factor defined in 10.1.2.6.2.1 The digital camera associated to its dedicated software shall have a minimum resolution of 0.05 mm for the flame heightmeasurement.6.3 BarometerWith accuracy of 60.5 kPa.6.4 Wick, of woven solid circular cotton of ordinary quality, havin
22、g the following characteristics:Casing 17 ends, 66 tex by 3Filling 9 ends, 100 tex by 4Weft 40 tex by 2Picks 6 per centimetre6.5 Pipettes or Burettes, Class A.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Toluene, ASTM Reference Fuel grade. (WarningFlammable, vapor harmful. (See Annex A2.1.)7.2 2,2,4-trimethylpentan
23、e (isooctane), minimum purity 99.75 mass %. (WarningFlammable, vapor harmful. (See AnnexA2.2.)7.3 Methanol (methyl alcohol), anhydrous. (WarningFlammable, vapor harmful. (See Annex A2.3.)7.4 Reference Fuel Blends, appropriate to the fuels under test, prepared accurately from toluene and 2,2,4-trimet
24、hylpentane, inaccordance with the compositions given in Table 1, by means of calibrated burettes or pipettes, with a precision of60.2% or better.7.5 Heptane, minimum purity 99 mass %. (WarningExtremely flammable, vapor harmful if inhaled. (See Annex A2.4.)8. Sampling and Preparation of Samples8.1 It
25、 is recommended samples shall be taken by the procedures described in Practice D4057. Use the sample as received.Allowall samples to come to ambient temperature (20 6 5C), without artificial heating. If the sample is hazy or appears to containforeign material, filter through qualitative filter paper
26、.4 The sole source of supply of the automated apparatus known to the committee at this time isAD systems (www.adsystems-), model SP10 Smoke Point, availablefrom AD systems, Alle de Cindais, P.A. Portes de la Suisse Normande, 14320 Saint-Andr-sur-Orne, France. If you are aware of alternative supplier
27、s, please provide thisinformation to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1 which you mayattend.D1322 1429. Preparation of ApparatusManual Apparatus9.1 Place the lamp in a vertical position in a room whe
28、re it can be completely protected from drafts. Carefully inspect each newlamp to ensure that the air holes in the gallery and the air inlets to the candle holder are all clean, unrestricted, and of proper size.The gallery shall be so located that the air holes are completely unobstructed.NOTE 2Sligh
29、t variations in these items all have a marked effect on the precision of the result obtained.9.1.1 If the room is not completely draft-free, place the lamp in a vertical position in a box constructed of heat-resistant material(not containing asbestos), open at the front. The top of the box shall be
30、at least 150 mm above the top of the chimney and the insideof the box painted dull black.Automated Apparatus9.2 Prepare the apparatus according to the manufacturers instructions.9.3 Extract all wicks, either new or from a previous determination, for at least 25 cycles in an extractor, using a mixtur
31、e of equalvolumes of toluene and anhydrous methanol. Allow the wicks to dry partially in a hood before placing in the oven, or use aforced-draft and explosion-proof oven for drying wicks, or both. Dry for 30 min at 100 to 110C, and store in a dessicator untilused.9.3.1 Extracted wicks are commercial
32、ly available and may be used, provided that they have been certified as being extractedby the procedure outlined in 9.3. Store purchased extracted wicks in a desiccator over desiccant until use. After use, extract thesewicks as in 9.3 before using again.FIG. 1 Smoke Point Lamp (Manual)D1322 14310. C
33、alibration of ApparatusManual Apparatus10.1 Confirm calibration of the apparatus in accordance with 10.1.3 or calibrate, if needed, in accordance with 10.1.1 prior tofirst use of the day. Recalibrate when there has been a change in the apparatus or operator, or when a change of more than 0.7 kPaoccu
34、rs in the barometric pressure reading.10.1.1 Calibrate the apparatus by testing two of the reference fuel blends specified in 7.4, using the procedure specified inSection 11 and, if possible, bracketing the smoke point of the sample. If this is not possible, use the two test blends having theirsmoke
35、 points nearest to the smoke point of the sample.10.1.2 Determine the correction factor, f, for the apparatus from the equation:f 5A s A d!1B s B d!2 (1)where:As = the standard smoke point of the first reference fuel blend,Ad = the smoke point determined for the first reference fuel blend,Bs = the s
36、tandard smoke point of the second reference fuel blend, andBd = the smoke point determined for the second reference fuel blend.If the smoke point determined for the test fuel exactly matches the smoke point determined for a reference fuel blend, use asthe second bracketing reference fuel the referen
37、ce fuel blend with the next higher smoke point, if there is one. Otherwise, use theone with the next closest smoke point.10.1.3 An alternative approach to confirm calibration of the apparatus is for each operator to run a control sample each day theapparatus is in use. Record the results and compare
38、 the average from the database of the control sample using control charts orequivalent statistical techniques. If the difference exceeds the control limits or when new apparatus is used, then the apparatus mustbe recalibrated.FIG. 2 Smoke Point Principle (Automated)TABLE 1 Reference Fuel BlendsStand
39、ard Smoke Point at101.3 kPa Toluene 2,2,4-trimethylpentanemm % (V/V) % (V/V)14.7 40 6020.2 25 7522.7 20 8025.8 15 8530.2 10 9035.4 5 9542.8 0 100D1322 144Automated Apparatus10.2 The apparatus shall have a calibration database for the storage of the reference fuel blends values specified in Table 1.
40、Eachcalibration test performed with the reference fuel blends shall be stored in this database in addition with the barometric pressureobserved at the moment the calibration was performed.10.2.1 The apparatus shall have the capability to automatically calculate the correction factor f according to E
41、q 1 byautomatically selecting in its calibration database the reference fuel blends values specified in Table 1, using the procedurespecified in Section 12 and, if possible, bracketing the smoke point of the sample. If this is not possible, it shall use the two testblend results having their smoke p
42、oints nearest to the smoke point of the sample.NOTE 3The digital camera and the associated software replace the operator eyes for the observation of the flame. Consequently it is not necessaryto recalibrate the apparatus when there has been a change in the operator.10.2.2 Record the barometric press
43、ure and check in the calibration database that the instrument has been calibrated at thatrecorded pressure 60.7 kPa. If no calibration values exist for the seven blends specified in Table 1 at the pressure observed 60.7kPa, calibrate the apparatus in accordance with 10.2.3. If calibration values exi
44、st for the seven blends specified in Table 1, in otherwords, if the instrument has been already calibrated at the pressure observed, check the apparatus in accordance with 10.2.4.NOTE 4Because the automated apparatus stores the smoke points obtained with the reference fuels at different barometric p
45、ressures, it is not necessaryto recalibrate the apparatus when a change of more than 0.7 kPa occurs in the barometric pressure reading. Depending on the barometric pressure enteredat the test initiation, the apparatus will automatically use the correct stored values obtained with the fuel blends. If
46、 the correct values are not yet stored,the apparatus will prompt the operator in order to perform the calibration at the pressure observed.10.2.3 Calibrate the apparatus by testing the seven reference fuel blends specified in 7.4, using the procedure specified inSection 11.10.2.4 At regular interval
47、s of not more than seven days or when there has been a change in the apparatus, verify that theapparatus is performing properly by using a quality control (QC) sample that is representative of the fuel(s) routinely tested by thelaboratory to confirm that the apparatus is in statistical control follo
48、wing the guidelines given in Practice D6299. If the differenceexceeds the control limits, recalibrate the apparatus.11. Procedure11.1 Soak a piece of extracted and dried wick, not less than 125 mm long, in the sample and place it in the wick tube of thecandle (Fig. 3). Carefully ease out any twists
49、arising from this operation. In cases of dispute, or of referee tests, always use a newwick, prepared in the manner specified in 9.3.11.1.1 It is advisable to resoak the burning-end of the wick in the sample after the wick is inserted in the wick tube.11.2 Introduce as near to 20 mL of the prepared sample as available, but not less than 10 mL, at room temperature, into theclean, dry candle.11.3 Place the wick tube in the candle and screw home. Take care that the candle air vent is free from fuel. If a wick-trimmerassembly is not bein
