1、Designation: D140/D140M 14D140/D140M 15Standard Practice forSampling Bituminous Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D140/D140M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A
2、number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This practice applies to the sampling of bitumino
3、us materials at points of manufacture, storage, or delivery.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in eachsystem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
4、 values from thetwo systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determi
5、ne the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D346 Practice for Collection and Preparation of Coke Samples for Laboratory Analysis3. Significance and Use3.1 Sampling is as important as testing, and precautions shall be taken to obtain samples t
6、o show the true nature and conditionof the materials.3.2 Samples are taken for either of the following two purposes:3.2.1 To represent as nearly as possible an average of the bulk of the materials sampled, or3.2.2 To ascertain the maximum variation in characteristics which the material possesses.4.
7、Precautions4.1 Because of the numerous types and grades of bituminous materials that are alternately shipped and stored in the same orsimilar containers, the opportunity for contaminating these containers with residues, precipitates, or cleaning solvents is everpresent. Numerous opportunities also e
8、xist for obtaining samples which are not strictly representative of the material or arecontaminated after removal. Therefore, it is incumbent upon the producer, transporter, user, and sampler to exercise continuousprecaution in the sampling and handling of these materials.5. Selection of Samples5.1
9、Whenever practicable, bituminous materials shall be sampled at the point of manufacture or storage, and at such time as toallow the tests controlling acceptance or rejection to be made in advance of shipment.5.2 When the samples cannot be taken at the point of manufacture or storage, they shall be t
10、aken from the shipment immediatelyupon delivery.6. Size of Samples6.1 The sample size of liquid materials shall be as follows:6.1.1 For routine laboratory examination and from barrels or drums, 500 mL to 1 L 1 pt to 1 qt.1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Road and Pav
11、ing Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.30 on Methods ofSampling.Current edition approved June 1, 2014June 1, 2015. Published June 2014July 2015. Originally approved in 1922. Last previous edition approved in 20092014 asD140/D140M 09.D140/D140M 14. DOI: 10.1520/D0140_D0140
12、M-14.10.1520/D0140_D0140M-15.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM sta
13、ndard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cas
14、es only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States16.1.2 From bulk storage, 4 L 1 gal.6.1.3 For emulsified products,asphalts, 1 L 1
15、 qt.6.2 The sample size of semisolid or solid materials shall be as follows:6.2.1 From barrels, drums, or cakes, 1 to 2 kg 2 to 3 lb.6.2.2 From crushed or powdered material in bulk or bags, 1 to 2 kg 2 to 3 lb.7. Containers7.1 Type of Containers:7.1.1 Containers for liquid bituminous materials, exce
16、pt emulsions, emulsified asphalts, shall be wide-mouth cans with linedscrew caps or triple-seal friction-top cans.7.1.2 Containers for emulsified bituminous materials asphalts shall be wide-mouth jars or bottles made of plastic, or wide-mouthplastic-lined cans with lined screw caps, or plastic-lined
17、 triple-seal friction-top cans.7.1.3 Containers for crushed or powdered bituminous materials shall be triple-seal friction-top cans or plastic sacks placed inother containers suitable for handling.7.2 Size of ContainersThe size of the container shall correspond to the required sample size.8. Protect
18、ion and Preservation of Samples8.1 Sample containers shall be new. They shall not be washed or rinsed, or wiped with an oily cloth. If they contain evidenceof solder flux, or if they are not clean and dry, they shall not be used. Top and container shall fit together tightly.8.2 Care shall be taken t
19、o prevent the sample from becoming contaminated. Immediately after filling, the container shall betightly sealed.8.3 The filled sample container shall not be submerged in solvent, nor shall it be wiped with a solvent saturated cloth. If cleaningis necessary use a clean dry cloth.8.4 Samples of emuls
20、ified asphaltasphalts shall be protected from freezing by correct packaging.NOTE 1When sampling emulsified asphalt,asphalts, care should be taken not to sample material under pressure as such resultant velocities tend tocause air entrapment which could result in erroneous test results.Any visual bub
21、bling of the material is one indication air has been entrapped. In addition,the sampling container should be completely filled to minimize a skin formation at the air-emulsion interface.8.5 Samples shall not be transferred from one container to another except where required by the sampling procedure
22、.8.6 Immediately after filling, sealing, and cleaning, the sampling containers shall be properly marked for identification with asuitable marking pencil on the container itself, and not on the lid. Labels or tags also may be used for identification if they canbe securely fastened to the container in
23、 such a manner as to ensure that they will not be lost in transit. Labels or tags shall not beattached to containers by using the lids to secure them. All identification materials shall maintain their integrity at temperaturesup to 200C 390F.8.6.1 The labeling of the sample must, at a minimum, inclu
24、de an identification of the product or material type and the date ofsampling.9. Sampling at Place of Manufacture9.1 Vertical Tanks Not Capable of Being Agitated (Liquid Materials or Materials Made Liquid by Heating) (800 m3 5000 bblor more capacity)Three sampling methods are recommended (Note 2):9.1
25、.1 Sampling-Valve MethodValves shall be located, with easy and safe access provided, on the side of the tank with the firstin the top third of the tank, but no higher than 1 m 3 ft from the top; the second in the middle third of the tank; and the thirdin the bottom third of the tank, but no lower th
26、an 1.11 m 3 ft from the bottom. A recommended design of the sampling valveis shown in Fig. 1.9.1.1.1 Aminimum of 4 L 1 gal of the product shall be drawn from each sample valve and discarded before taking the samplefor test, andtest in a clean container.9.1.1.2 500 mL to 4 L 1 pt to 1 gal shall be dr
27、awn from each sample valve for test.9.1.2 Thief Sampler Method (not suitable for asphalt cements)Samples shall be taken in the top, middle, and lower sectionsat levels indicated in 9.1.1, of the tank by lowering a thief sampler into the material. A satisfactory type with instructions for useis shown
28、 in Fig. 2.NOTE 2Most bituminous materials in the liquid state are of such viscous and adhesive character that, after normal emptying of a container by pouring,the container retains enough material to cause significant contamination of any second samples secured before the container was thoroughly c
29、leaned. Theaforementioned properties of bituminous materials also make container cleaning a difficult, tedious, and time-consuming task.NOTE 3The thief sampler described in Fig. 2 may be used for repetitive sampling because significant sample contamination by previous contents isavoided by the self-
30、cleaning action provided by the passage of material through the tube-shaped thief sampler which is open at both ends. The practiceof raising and lowering the sampler 3 or 4 times through a distance of a metre (several feet) at the sampling depth is recommended.D140/D140M 1529.1.3 Throw-Away Containe
31、r MethodSamples shall be taken at top, middle, and lower levels by lowering into the material acontainer in a suitable weighted holding device. The essential feature of the method is to use a clean container to take the sample,pour this sample into another clean container, and throw away the contain
32、er used to take the sample from the tank. A satisfactorytype with instructions on how to use the device is shown in Fig. 3.9.1.4 The three samples from bulk storage tanks may be tested separately for consistency to detect stratification. They may becombined, thoroughly mixed, and a 500-mL to 4-L 1-p
33、t to 1-gal sample may be taken for other tests that may be required fordetermining average characteristics of the material.FIG. 1 Typical Submerged Sampling DeviceNOTE 1This type sampler is lowered into the tank with bottom valve open (there is no top closure). When the desired depth is reached, the
34、 loweringchain is given a snap tug which closes the bottom valve. The sampler is then withdrawn from the tank and the contents transferred to the sample container.This sampler may be used for repetitive sampling in the same tank.FIG. 2 Thief SamplerD140/D140M 1539.2 Bulk Storage Tanks (Liquid Materi
35、als or Materials Made Liquid by Heating) Equipped with Mechanical Agitators Whenthe tank is equipped with operating mechanical agitators which, by observation through the sampling or inspection hatch, areperforming adequate mixing of the tank contents, a single sample taken by any of the methods des
36、cribed in 9.1.1, 9.1.2, or 9.1.3will be satisfactory to use for test purposes.10. Sampling from Tank Cars, Vehicle Tanks, Distributor Trucks or Recirculating Storage Tanks10.1 The sample may be taken from the sample valve or tap if the tanks are provided with them. When such sampling devicesare requ
37、ired, they are to be built into the tank itself. A sampling device of this type is shown in Fig. 1. Before the sample is taken,4 L 1 gal shall be drawn from the sample valve and discarded.discarded before taking the sample for test in a clean container.10.2 Samples of liquid materials and materials
38、made liquid by heating may be taken by the dip method using a cleanwide-mouth or friction-top can in a suitable holder as shown in Fig. 4. A clean container must be used to take each sample, andthe material sampled shall then be transferred to another new and clean container for retention or testing
39、 sample.10.3 A detachable fitting, similar in design to the one shown in Fig. 5 may be inserted in the discharge line. Before the sampleis taken 4 L 1 gal shall be drawn from this sampling valve and discarded.discarded before taking the sample in a clean container.11. Sampling from Tankers and Barge
40、s11.1 For liquid materials (including all cut-backs made liquid by heating) top, middle, and lower samples shall be taken usingthe methods as described in 9.1.2 and 9.1.3.NOTE 1This type sampler is lowered into the tank with the stopper in place. When the desired depth is reached, the stopper is rem
41、oved by meansof the attached wire, cord, or chain and the container allowed to fill. Complete filling is indicated by the cessation of bubbles of air from the can at thesurface of the liquid. The sampler is then withdrawn from the tank and the contents poured into the clean sampler container. A clea
42、n can (bottle) mustbe used for each sample taken.FIG. 3 Throw-Away Container SamplerD140/D140M 15411.2 For all other materials made liquid by heating, a top sample only shall be taken by the dip, thief, or throw-away containermethod.12. Sampling from Pipe Lines During Loading or Unloading12.1 When t
43、ankers and barges are being loaded or unloaded samples may conveniently be taken from the pipe line throughwhich the material is flowing by insertion of a sampling pipe into a rising section of the pipe line on the discharge side of the pumpor in a completely filled line in which gravity creates the
44、 materials flow. A suitable in-line sampling pipe is shown in Fig. 5. Thesampling pipe shall be not more than one eighth the diameter of the pipe line and its opening should be turned to face the flowof the liquid. This pipe shall be provided with a valve or plug cock and shall discharge into a samp
45、le receiver. At least three 4-L1-gal samples shall be taken at uniform intervals throughout the entire loading or unloading. At the completion of the loadingor unloading, the individual 4-L1-gal samples shall be combined, thoroughly mixed without altering its characteristics, and a 4-L1-gal sample t
46、aken therefrom.12.2 When sampling tankers and barges 4000 m3 25 000 bbl, or less, capacity, at least five 4-L 1-gal samples shall be takenat uniform intervals throughout the entire loading or unloading (4000 m3 25 000 bbl), or larger, capacity requires at least ten 4-L1-gal samples. At completion of
47、 the loading or unloading, the individual 4-L 1-gal samples shall be combined, thoroughlymixed in a manner designed to not alter its characteristics, and a 4-L 1-gal sample taken therefrom.13. Sampling from Drums or Barrels13.1 After thorough mixing, samples of liquid bituminous material from barrel
48、s or drums shall be secured by tube or thiefsampling by taking 1 L 1 qt of material from packages selected at random according to Section 14.14. Sampling Semisolid or Uncrushed Solid Materials14.1 Drums, Barrels, Cartons, and BagsWhere the lot of material to be sampled is obviously from a single run
49、 or batch ofthe producer, one package shall be selected at random and sampled as described below. Where the lot of material to be sampledis not obviously from a single run or batch of the producer, or where the single samples selected as described above fails on testto conform to the requirements of the specifications, a number of packages shall be selected at random and equivalent to the cuberoot of the total number of packages in the lot. The following table is given, showing the number of samples to be selected
