1、Designation: D 156 07aAn American National StandardStandard Test Method forSaybolt Color of Petroleum Products (Saybolt ChromometerMethod)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 156; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the cas
2、e of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This tes
3、t method covers the determination of the color ofrefined oils such as undyed motor and aviation gasoline, jetpropulsion fuels, naphthas and kerosine, and, in addition,petroleum waxes and pharmaceutical white oils.NOTE 1For determining the color of petroleum products darker thanSaybolt Color 16, see
4、Test Method D 1500.1.2 This test method reports results specific to this testmethod and recorded as, “Saybolt Color units.”1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units or in SI units andwhich are not in parentheses are to be regarded as the standard.The values given in parentheses are for information o
5、nly.NOTE 2Oil tubes and apparatus used in this test method havetraditionally been marked in inches, (the tube is required to be etched with18 in. divisions.) The Saybolt Color Numbers are aligned with inch,12 in.,14 in., and18 in. changes in the depth of oil. These fractional inch changesdo not read
6、ily correspond to SI equivalents and in view of the prepon-derance of apparatus already in use and marked in inches, the inch/poundunit is regarded as the standard. However the test method does use SI unitsof length when the length is not directly related to divisions on the oil tubeand Saybolt Colo
7、r Numbers. The test method uses SI units for tempera-ture.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bil
8、ity of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 938 Test Method for Congealing Point of PetroleumWaxes, Including PetrolatumD 1500 Test Method for ASTM Color of Petroleum Prod-ucts (ASTM Color Scale)D 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum
9、 Products3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 clear-and-bright, ncondition in which the sample isfree of haze or cloudiness. (Also termed clean-and-bright.)3.1.2 free water, nwater in excess of that soluble in thesample and appearing in the sample as a haze or cloudiness, asdroplets, or as a separate
10、d phase or layer.3.1.3 particulates, nsmall solid or semisolid particles,sometimes referred to as silt or sediment, that can be suspendedin the sample or can settle to the bottom.3.1.4 turbidity, nreduction of transparency of a sampledue to the presence of particulate matter or water haze, or both.3
11、.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 Saybolt color, nan empirical definition of the colorof a clear petroleum liquid based on a scale of 16 (darkest)to +30 (lightest).3.2.1.1 DiscussionThe number is derived by finding theheight of a column of the sample that, when viewed throughth
12、e length of the column, visually matches the appropriate oneof three glass standards and referring to Table 1 of Test MethodD 156.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The height of a column of sample is decreased by levelscorresponding to color numbers until the color of the sample isunmistakably lighter th
13、an that of the standard. The colornumber above this level is reported, regardless of whether thesample was darker, questionable, or a match at the higher level.5. Significance and Use5.1 Determination of the color of petroleum products is usedmainly for manufacturing control purposes and is an impor
14、tantquality characteristic since color is readily observed by the user1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.05 on Properties of Fuels, Petroleum Coke and Carbon Material.Current editio
15、n approved Dec. 1, 2007. Published January 2008. Originallyapproved in 1923. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D 15607.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information
16、, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Copyright by ASTM Intl (all rights reserved); Tue Mar
17、 24 03:57:28 EDT 2009Downloaded/printed byGuo Dehua (CNIS) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.of the product. In some cases the color may serve as anindication of the degree of refinement of the material.When thecolor range of a particular product is known, a variatio
18、n outsidethe established range can indicate possible contamination withanother product. However, color is not always a reliable guideto product quality and should not be used indiscriminately inproduct specifications.6. Apparatus6.1 The Saybolt chromometer consisting of sample andstandard tubes, opt
19、ical system, light source, and color stan-dards, is described in detail in Annex A1 and illustrated in Fig.A1.1.7. Standardization of Apparatus7.1 Remove the glass disk from the bottom of the oil tube.Clean the disk, oil tube, and plain tube. When deposits are notremovable by wiping or solvent rinsi
20、ng, wash with soap andwater. After cleaning, rinse with distilled or deionized waterand with acetone or some other suitable solvent, and dry.Assemble the oil tube, and position the tubes in the instrument.7.2 Using the specified light source and illumination, ob-serve the comparative light intensity
21、 of the two halves of theoptical field, with both tubes empty, and with the 12-mmdiaphragm removed from under the plain tube. The intensity oflight observed in each half of the optical field must be thesame. Adjustment in the position of the light source may benecessary to achieve this match.NOTE 3O
22、n some instruments, removal of the 12mm diaphragm canprevent the assembly from seating against the base (about a14 in. gap),which can let a lot of stray light in that may affect the light intensity whentrying to compare the two halves of the optical field in 7.2. If this occurs,follow the procedure
23、in 7.3 (where the 12mm diaphragm has beenreattached) as the basis to ensure the light source has been properly set toprovide the same light intensity in both halves of the optical field.7.3 Replace the 12-mm diaphragm under the plain tube, andfill the oil tube to the 20 in. (508-mm) mark with distil
24、led ordeionized water. The intensity of the light observed in each halfof the optical field must be the same, for the instrument to bejudged satisfactory for use. The optical properties of glass,from different batches, can vary significantly and it is recom-mended that only matched tubes, such as de
25、scribed in theAppendix, be used in this test. When a tube is broken, replaceboth tubes with a matched pair of tubes.8. Sampling8.1 Samples shall be taken in accordance with the instruc-tions in Practice D 4057.9. Preparation of Test Specimen9.1 Samples (Excluding Waxes)If the sample is containedin a
26、 clear, transparent container, such as glass bottle, visuallyinspect the sample for evidence of free water, particulatecontamination, and haze by holding the container up to thelight. If the sample is contained in a nontransparent container,shake or agitate the sample container vigorously to uniform
27、lysuspend any free water that may be present in the samplebefore transferring a portion to a clear, transparent container toconduct the visual inspection before proceeding.9.2 Wax SamplesCarry out the same procedure in 9.1,except that the sample is to be heated to a temperaturecorresponding to the r
28、ange specified in 11.1 to ensure thesample is liquid. (WarningTake appropriate safety precau-tions in handling the sample at elevated temperatures.)9.3 When the sample is not clear-and-bright (that is, visualinspection in 9.1 or 9.2 shows any presence of turbidity, freewater, or particulates, or a c
29、ombination thereof), filter througha sufficient number of qualitative filter papers until it is clear.For wax samples requiring filtration, it will be necessary toheat the filter paper and apparatus (for example, a filter funnel)TABLE 1 Saybolt Colors Corresponding to Depths of OilNumber of ColorSta
30、ndardsDepth of Oil, in. (mm) Color NumberNumber of ColorStandardsDepth of Oil,in. (mm)Color NumberOne-half 20.00 (508) +30 Two 6.00 (152) +6One-half 18.00 (457) +29 Two 5.75 (146) +5One-half 16.00 (406) +28 Two 5.50 (139) +4One-half 14.00 (355) +27 Two 5.25 (133) +3One-half 12.00 (304) +26 Two 5.00
31、(127) +2One 20.00 (508) +25 Two 4.75 (120) +1One 18.00 (457) +24 Two 4.50 (114) 0One 16.00 (406) +23 Two 4.25 (107) 1One 14.00 (355) +22 Two 4.00 (101) 2One 12.00 (304) +21 Two 3.75 (95) 3One 10.75 (273) +20 Two 3.625 (92) 4One 9.50 (241) +19 Two 3.50 (88) 5One 8.25 (209) +18 Two 3.375 (85) 6One 7.2
32、5 (184) +17 Two 3.25 (82) 7One 6.25 (158) +16 Two 3.125 (79) 8Two 10.50 (266) +15 Two 3.00 (76) 9Two 9.75 (247) +14 Two 2.875 (73) 10Two 9.00 (228) +13 Two 2.75 (69) 11Two 8.25 (209) +12 Two 2.625 (66) 12Two 7.75 (196) +11 Two 2.50 (63) 13Two 7.25 (184) +10 Two 2.375 (60) 14Two 6.75 (171) +9 Two 2.2
33、5 (57) 15Two 6.50 (165) +8 Two 2.125 (53) 16Two 6.25 (158) +7D 156 07a2Copyright by ASTM Intl (all rights reserved); Tue Mar 24 03:57:28 EDT 2009Downloaded/printed byGuo Dehua (CNIS) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.that can come in contact with the molten sample to
34、 atemperature in the range specified in 11.1 to prevent the samplefrom solidifying during the filtration process.9.4 When preparing petroleum wax for testing do not heatexcessively, because oxidation can occur, with consequentdiscoloration of the test specimen.10. Procedure for Refined Light Oils an
35、d PharmaceuticalWhite Oils10.1 Flush the oil tube with a portion of the test specimen,taking care to allow the tube to drain thoroughly. Fill the oiltube with the test specimen compare with a whole colorstandard. When the test specimen is lighter than the colorstandard, remove the standard and repla
36、ce it with a halfstandard. When the sample is darker than the single wholestandard at 614 in. (158 mm), add another whole standard.(WarningIt is important that all samples in the color tubesbe free from air bubbles.)10.2 With the proper color standard or standards in place,and the test specimen in t
37、he oil tube at a level where its coloris decidedly darker than that of the color standard, draw off thetest specimen slowly by means of the petcock until the oilappears just slightly darker than the color standard. From thispoint, draw the test specimen level down to the nearest depthcorresponding t
38、o color number as shown in Table 1. When thecolor of the oil observed through the eyepiece is still darkerthan the color standard, draw the oil down to the next depthgiven in Table 1, and compare. Continue this operation until adepth is reached where the test specimen and color standardmatch, or sho
39、w questionable differences. At this point, lowerthe oil column to the next specified depth and, when the oil isunmistakably lighter than the color standard, record the colorcorresponding to the next higher level as the Saybolt color.10.3 Experience in the use of this instrument will obviatethe neces
40、sity of following the step-by-step procedure outlinedin 10.2 for choosing the proper color standards for eachsample. Examples of the procedure are given in Table 2.11. Procedure for Petroleum Wax11.1 Heat the wax test specimen to 8 to 17C above itscongealing point as determined in accordance with Te
41、stMethod D 938. Preheat the oil tube.11.2 Pour the liquid wax into the oil tube; turn the heatingelement off, and, after the heat waves in the test specimen canno longer be noted, obtain the required readings as directed inSection 10.12. Report12.1 Report the recorded color units as “Saybolt color_.
42、” When the sample has been filtered, add the words“(sample filtered).”13. Precision and Bias13.1 The precision of this test is not known to have beenobtained in accordance with currently accepted guidelines(Research Report RR: D021007).13.2 The precision of this test method as obtained bystatistical
43、 examination of interlaboratory test results is asfollows:13.2.1 RepeatabilityThe difference between successivetest results obtained by the same operator with the sameapparatus under constant operating conditions on identical testmaterial would, in the long run, in the normal and correctoperation of
44、 the test method, exceed the following value onlyin one case in twenty:1 color unit13.2.2 ReproducibilityThe difference between two singleand independent test results obtained by different operatorsworking in different laboratories on identical test materialwould, in the long run, in the normal and
45、correct operation ofthe test method exceed the following value only in one case intwenty:2 color units13.3 BiasThe procedure in this test method has no biasbecause the value of Saybolt Color is subjective and can onlybe defined in terms of this test method.14. Keywords14.1 aviation gasoline; color;
46、jet fuel; kerosine; motorgasoline; oils; petroleum wax; Saybolt Color; white oilsTABLE 2 Example of ProcedureObservationUsing OneWhole ColorStandard, in.(mm)Using TwoWhole ColorStandards,in. (mm)Oil darker at depth of 16 (406) 4.5 (102)Oil darker at depth of 14 (355) 4.25 (107)Oil questionable at de
47、pth of 12 (304) 4.0 (101)Oil lighter at depth of 10.75 (273) 3.75 (95)Saybolt color +21 2D 156 07a3Copyright by ASTM Intl (all rights reserved); Tue Mar 24 03:57:28 EDT 2009Downloaded/printed byGuo Dehua (CNIS) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.ANNEX(Mandatory Inform
48、ation)A1. APPARATUSA1.1 Saybolt ChromometerA1.1.1 Oil Sample TubeFor testing liquids, use a boro-silicate glass tube, or its equivalent in color characteristics,having an inside diameter of not less than 16.5 mm nor morethan 17.5 mm, and an outside diameter of not less than 21.25mm nor more than 22.
49、75 mm. Close the tube at the bottom withan optical clear plano glass disk 6.25 mm thick, free ofstriations and scratches. The tube shall be 508 to 510 mm longfrom the upper surface of the plano disk to the top of the tube.Mount the tube and disk in a suitable metal collar providedwith a petcock to permit controlled drainage of the tube (Fig.A1.1). Construct the collar in a manner that permits removal ofthe glass disk for cleaning. Graduate the tube with etched18-in.(3.2-mm) divisions. Etch each inch-line completely around thetu
