1、Designation: D2035 13Standard Practice forCoagulation-Flocculation Jar Test of Water1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2035; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in
2、parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers a general procedure for the evalu-ation of a treatment to reduce dissolved, suspended, colloidal,and nonsettleable matter fr
3、om water by chemical coagulation-flocculation, followed by gravity settling. The procedure maybe used to evaluate color, turbidity, and hardness reduction.1.2 The practice provides a systematic evaluation of thevariables normally encountered in the coagulation-flocculationprocess.1.3 The values stat
4、ed in SI units are to be regarded asstandard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address the safetyconcerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety andhealth practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimita
5、tions prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD1293 Test Methods for pH of WaterD3370 Practices for Sampling Water from Closed ConduitsD6855 Test Method for Determination of Turbidity Below 5NTU in Static ModeD73
6、15 Test Method for Determination of Turbidity Above 1Turbidity Unit (TU) in Static Mode3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in thispractice, refer to Terminology D1129.4. Summary of Practice4.1 The coagulation-flocculation test is carried out to deter-mine the chemicals, dosage
7、s, and conditions required toachieve optimum results. The primary variables to be investi-gated using the recommended practice include, but are notlimited to:4.1.1 Chemical additives,4.1.2 pH,4.1.3 Temperature, and4.1.4 Order of addition and mixing conditions.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice
8、 permits the evaluation of various coagu-lants and coagulant aids used in the treatment of water andwaste water for the same water and the same experimentalconditions.5.2 The effects of concentration of the coagulants andcoagulant aids and their order of addition can also be evaluatedby this practic
9、e.6. Interferences6.1 There are some possible interferences that may make thedetermination of optimum jar test conditions difficult. Theseinclude the following:6.1.1 Temperature Change (During Test)Thermal or con-vection currents may occur, interfering with the settling ofcoagulated particles. This
10、can be prevented by temperaturecontrol.6.1.2 Gas Release (During Test)Flotation of coagulatedfloc may occur due to gas bubble formation caused bymechanical agitator, temperature increase or chemical reaction.6.1.3 Testing-Period Biological activity or other factorsmay alter the coagulation character
11、istics of water upon pro-longed standing. For this reason the period between samplingand testing should be kept to a minimum, with the time beingrecorded.7. Apparatus7.1 Multiple Stirrer A multiposition stirrer with continu-ous speed variation from about 20 to 150 rpm should be used.The stirring pad
12、dles should be of light gage corrosion-resistantmaterial all of the same configuration and size. An illuminatedbase is useful to observe the floc formation. Precautionary1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Water andis the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.03 on
13、Sampling Water andWater-Formed Deposits, Analysis of Water for Power Generation and Process Use,On-Line Water Analysis, and Surveillance of Water.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2013. Published February 2013. Originallyapproved in 1964. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D2035 08. DOI:10.152
14、0/D2035-13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Driv
15、e, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1measures should be taken to avoid heat being imparted by theillumination system which may counteract normal settling.7.2 Jars (or Beakers), all of the same size and shape;1500-mL Griffin beakers may be used (1000-mL recommendedminimum s
16、ize).7.3 Reagent Racks A means of introducing each testsolution to all jars simultaneously. There should be at least onerack for each test solution or suspension. The racks should besimilar to that shown in Fig. 1.8. Reagents8.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent grade chemicals shall beused in all tests. Un
17、less otherwise indicated, it is intended thatall reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Commit-tee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society,where such specifications are available.3Other grades may beused, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is ofsufficientl
18、y high purity to permit its use without lessening theaccuracy of the determination.8.2 Purity of WaterReference to water that is used forreagent preparation, rinsing or dilution shall be understood tomean water that conforms to the quantitative specifications ofType IV reagent water of Specification
19、 D1193.8.3 The following chemicals and additives are typical ofthose used for test solutions and suspensions. The latter, withthe exception of coagulant aids, may be prepared daily bymixing chemicals with water to a concentration of 10 (60.1)g/L (1.0 mL of test solution or suspension when added to 1
20、 Lof sample is equivalent to 10 mg/L):Prime CoagulantsAlumAl2(SO4)318H2OFerric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3xH2OFerric chloride (FeCl36H2O)Ferrous sulfate (FeSO47H2O)Magnesium carbonate (MgCO33H2O)Sodium aluminate (NaAlO2)Coagulant AidsActivated silicaAnionic (polyelectrolyte)Cationic (polyelectrolyte)Nonionic
21、PolymerOxidizing AgentsChlorine (Cl2)Chlorine dioxide (ClO2)Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)Calcium hypochlorite CaCl(ClO)4H2OSodium hypochlorite (NaClO)AlkalisCalcium carbonate (CaCO3)Dolomitic lime(58 % CaO, 40 % MgO)Lime, hydrated Ca(OH)2Magnesium oxide (MgO)Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)Sodium hydroxid
22、e (NaOH)Weighting AgentsBentoniteKaolinOther clays and mineralsMiscellaneousActivated carbon (powdered)8.4 Coagulant Aids There are numerous commerciallyavailable coagulant aids or polyelectrolytes. All polyelectro-lytes are classified anionic, cationic or nonionic, dependingupon their composition.
23、These aids may have the ability toproduce large, tough, easily-settled floc when used alone or inconjunction with inorganic coagulants. A small dosage (under1 mg/L) may permit a reduction in the dosage of, or completeelimination of, the coagulant. In the latter case, the polyelec-trolyte would be co
24、nsidered the prime coagulant rather than acoagulant aid. Aids come in powdered and liquid form.Powdered aids should be prepared as 0.1 % solutions withappropriate aliquots to provide proper dosage. Always add3Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications , AmericanChemical Society, Was
25、hington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents notlisted by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for LaboratoryChemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeiaand National Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,MD.FIG. 1 R
26、eagent Rack for Multiple Stirrer Jar Test ApparatusD2035 132powdered aids to the dissolving water rather than the reverse,and add slowly to the shoulder of a vortex created by stirring.If a vortex is not formed, the dry powder will merely collect onthe surface of the water in gummy masses and become
27、 verydifficult to dissolve. Dissolving time may vary from severalminutes to several hours. Suggested manufacturers proceduresfor wetting, dissolving, and storing should be followed whenavailable. Liquid forms can be readily prepared to the abovestrength without difficulty.49. Sampling9.1 Collect the
28、 water sample under test in accordance withthe applicable Practices D3370.10. Procedure10.1 Measure equal volumes (1000 mL) of sample into eachof the jars or 1500-mL Griffin beakers. As many sampleportions may be used as there are positions on the multiplestirrer. Locate beakers so that the paddles
29、are off-center, butclear the beaker wall by about 6.4 mm (14 in.). Record thesample temperature at the start of the test.10.2 Load the test chemicals in the reagent racks. Use onerack for each series of chemical additions. Make up each tubein the rack to a final volume of 10 mL, with water, beforeus
30、ing. There may be a situation where a larger volume ofreagent will be required. Should this condition prevail, fill alltubes with water to a volume equal to the largest volume ofreagent in the reagent rack. When adding slurries, it may benecessary to shake the rack to produce a swirling motion justp
31、rior to transfer.10.3 Start the multiple stirrer operating at the “flash mix”speed of approximately 120 rpm. Add the test solution orsuspensions, at predetermined dosage levels and sequence.Flash mix for approximately 1 min after the additions ofchemicals. Record the flash mix time and speed (rpm).1
32、0.4 Reduce the speed as necessary to the minimum re-quired to keep floc particles uniformly suspended throughoutthe “slow mix” period. Slow mix for 20 min. Record the timefor the first visible floc formation. Every 5 min (during theslow mix period), record relative floc size and mixer speed(rpm). If
33、 coagulant aids are used, mixing speed is criticalbecause excessive stirring tends to break up early floc forma-tion and may redisperse the aid.10.5 After the slow mix period, withdraw the paddles andobserve settling of floc particles. Record the time required forthe bulk of the particles to settle.
34、 In most cases this time willbe that required for the particles to settle to the bottom of thebeaker; however, in some cases there may be interferingconvection currents. If so, the recorded settling time should bethat at which the unsettled or residual particles appear to bemoving equally upward and
35、 downward.10.6 After 15 min of settling, record the appearance of flocon the beaker bottom. Record the sample temperature. Bymeans of a pipet or siphon, withdraw an adequate samplevolume of supernatant liquor from the jar at a point one half ofthe depth of the sample, to conduct color,5turbidity, pH
36、 andother required analyses, (Note 1) determined in accordancewith Test Methods D6855 or D7315 (for turbidity) and D1293(for pH). A suggested form for recording results is appended(see Fig. 2).NOTE 1Tests for residual chemicals should be included, for example,alum; residual Al2O3; copperas; residual
37、 Fe2O3; etc.10.7 Repeat steps 10.1-10.6 until all pertinent variableshave been evaluated.10.8 The times given in 10.3, 10.4, and 10.6 are onlysuggestions.11. Reproducibility11.1 It is recognized that reproducibility of results is impor-tant. To demonstrate reproducibility, the so-called 3 and 3proce
38、dure is suggested. In this procedure, duplicate sets of 3jars each are treated simultaneously with the same chemicaldosages in jars 1 and 4, 2 and 5, and 3 and 6.12. Keywords12.1 coagulation; flocculation; jar tests4A periodically updated “Report on Coagulant Aids for Water Treatment” ispublished by
39、 the Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water Supply,Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, listing coagulant aids that may be used in water treatmentwithout adverse physiological effects on those using the water, based on informationsubmitted by the manufacturers or distributors, or both.5For the color det
40、ermination, reference is made to Standard Methods for theExamination of Water and Waste Water, Fourteenth edition,American Public HealthAssociation, Inc., New York, NY, 1975, pp. 6471.D2035 133ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection wi
41、th any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible tech
42、nical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful considerat
43、ion at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Ha
44、rbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).FIG. 2 Jar Test DataD2035 134
