1、Designation: D2098 04 (Reapproved 2012)D2098 13Standard Test Method forDynamic Water Resistance of Shoe Upper Leather by theDow Corning Leather Tester1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2098; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or
2、, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.
3、1 This test method covers the determination of the dynamic water resistance of shoe upper leather by means of the DowCorning Tester. It has been revised to show the state of the art in the equipment used in testing. It is applicable to all types of shoeupper leather. This test method does not apply
4、to wet blue.1.2 Initial water penetration and water absorption can be measured.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4
5、This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documen
6、ts2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1610 Practice for Conditioning Leather and Leather Products for TestingD2099 Test Method for Dynamic Water Resistance of Shoe Upper Leather by the Maeser Water Penetration Tester3. Significance and Use3.1 This test method is intended to estimate the water resistance of shoe up
7、per leather. The flex imparted to the leather is amagnification of the flex given the vamp of the shoe in actual wear.NOTE 1There is an indication that this test method cannot be used interchangeably for specification purposes with Test Method D2099.4. Apparatus4.1 Balance, sensitive to 0.01 g.4.2 D
8、ow Corning Leather Tester, 3 as shown in Fig. 1, or its equivalent. The essential features of the machine are as follows:4.2.1 A specimen holder made of two vertical clamps. Each clamp shall have two stainless steel arms (7.5 by 0.5 by 0.5 in.(190.5 by 12.7 by 12.7 mm), one arm fixed, the other move
9、able. One clamp shall be mounted on a horizontal reciprocating shaft,that is, attached by a connecting link to a motor driven eccentric, which turns at 60 r/min. The bottom of the clamps shall be inthe same horizontal plane. In one rotation of the eccentric, the minimum distance between clamps shall
10、 be 1.50 6 0.01 in. (38.160.25 mm) (inside measurement) and the maximum distance between clamps 2.50 6 0.01 in. (63.5 6 0.25 mm) (insidemeasurement).1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D31 on Leather and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D31.03 on Footwear. This
11、 test methodwas developed in cooperation with the American Leather Chemists Assn.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2012Nov. 1, 2013. Published September 2012November 2013. Originally approved in 1962 as D209862T. Last previous editionapproved in 20082012 as D209804(2008).D209804(2012). DOI: 10.1520/
12、D2098-04R12.10.1520/D2098-13.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The sole source of supply of t
13、he apparatus known to the committee at this time is Koehler Instrument Co., 1595 Sycamore Ave., Bohemia, NY 11716. Telephone: (800)878-9070. Fax: (516) 589-3815. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM Headquarters. Your comments will receive carefulconside
14、ration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequ
15、ately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohock
16、en, PA 19428-2959. United States14.2.2 Water Tank made of stainless steel or other noncorrosive material. It shall be of such a size that it can be placed aroundthe clamps, and of such a depth that when in position for use, the top of the pan is at least 2.5 in. (63.5 mm) above the bottomof the clam
17、ps, and the bottom of the pan is at least 0.5 in. (12.7 mm) below the bottom of the clamps.4.2.3 Two systems shall be used to record the number of cycles through which the specimen is flexed. One shall be a mechanicalreset counter connected to the movable clamp. The other system shall be electrical
18、(see Fig. 2). The resistance across the electrodesshall be 7500 6 500 ohms. The sensing electrode shown is inside a leather specimen filled with stainless-steel balls. The commonelectrode is in a salt solution which is in continuous contact with the specimen during flexing. Switch S when manually cl
19、osedstarts an electrical impulse counter actuated by a micro switch, EC, which makes contact once on each flex. This records the totalnumber of flexes until initial water penetration. Initial water penetration is detected by a current leakage from the high electrodethrough the specimen to the common
20、 electrode in the conducting solution. This causes the induction relay to operate, stopping thecounter. (WarningIt is essential that the electrical circuit be converted to 110 volts, not to exceed 28 volts across the electrode.Specimen should be put in position or removed only when the electrode cir
21、cuit is not energized.) For newer testing machines pleaseuse manufacturers operating directions.5. Reagents and Materials5.1 Magnetic Balls, stainless steel, diameter 18 in. (3 mm optional) 400 series. The steel balls must be clean and free of grease,oil, silicone, or rust and have a resistance less
22、 than 7500 ohms before using.5.1.1 To clean, immerse stainless steel balls in mild acid, 5 % Nitric. Rinse in running tap water for 3 to 5 min and allow toair dry.5.2 Rubber Gaskets or Adhesives for sealing the specimen.5.3 Magnet, to facilitate removal of the stainless steel balls.5.4 Sodium Chlori
23、de Solution (1 g/L)Dissolve 1 g of sodium chloride (NaCl) in distilled water and dilute to 1 L.6. Test Specimen6.1 The test specimen shall be 3.94 by 3.54 6 0.01 in. (100 by 90 6 .25 mm) with the backbone direction parallel to the 3.54in. (90 mm) side.7. Preparation of Apparatus7.1 Adjust the electr
24、ode projecting into the specimen to a position 0.125 6 0.0625 in. (3.2 6 1.6 mm) above the bottom foldin the specimen, when the distance between clamps is at a minimum.The electrode should be inserted into the steel balls so thetip is covered at all times during flexing but does not rub on the leath
25、er fold of the specimen.7.2 Add NaCl solution to the pan of the Dow Corning Tester until the solution level is as indicated on the pan. If equivalentapparatus is used, adjust the solution level to 1716 6 18 in. (36.56 1.6 (36.5 6 3.2 mm) from the bottom of the clamps when thepan is in operating posi
26、tion and there is no specimen in the clamps.FIG. 1 Dow Corning Leather TesterD2098 1328. Conditioning8.1 All specimens shall be conditioned in accordance with Practice D1610.9. ProcedureNOTE 2These instructions are for older models; for newer models refer to manufacturers operating instructions.9.1
27、Water Penetration and Water AbsorptionWater absorption can be determined concurrently with initial water penetration,or as a separate measurement. If water absorption is to be a separate determination, follow the procedure below with 8.1.129.1.12changed to read “engage the drive-link mechanism.” Do
28、not activate the electrode circuit.9.1.1 Weigh the specimen to the nearest 0.01 g. Optional use when trying to determine water absorption.9.1.2 Disengage the link to the drive shaft, and place the pin on the underside of the drive-link handle in the back hole on thedrive-link bearing. Newer machines
29、 do not have drive link handles.9.1.3 Optional only; needed if the clamps do not tighten well enough to prevent leakage. Fold the specimen in half, bringingeach 100 mm edge to itself and with the surface to be exposed to the water on the outside. Fold rubber gasket in half (hard rubberside out) and
30、insert into the specimen. Place the gasket flush with the edge of the specimen and in contact with the bottom of thefold. For a water penetration determination only, coat the 100 mm edge with a film of adhesive no more than 12.5 mm wide. Pressends together and hold until cured.9.1.4 Grasp the specim
31、en with the left hand at the point where the gasket is in place. Place the specimen between the open jawsof a pair of clamps. Position the specimen so that the gasketed end is in the back clamp, with the bottom of the fold flush withthe bottom of the clamps.9.1.5 Grasp the back clamp firmly in the l
32、eft hand (containing the gasketed end of the specimen) and tighten down the clampwith the wing nut. The specimen must be very securely clamped.9.1.6 Position the second gasket, folded as before, in the specimen, so that it lies between the jaws of the front clamp. Graspthe clamp with the left hand a
33、nd tighten the wing nut with the right hand.9.1.7 Move the drive-link assembly forward and with the forefinger form a horizontal fold perpendicular to the path of the flex.Place the pin on the under side of drive-link handle in the front hole of the drive-link bearing.9.1.8 Place approximately 100 6
34、 5 g of stainless steel balls into the specimen pocket.9.1.9 Set electric and mechanical counters to zero reading.FIG. 2 Electrical Diagram for Dow Corning Leather TesterD2098 1339.1.10 Turn on power to the mechanical drive, if it is not already in operation.9.1.11 Put the pan in position.9.1.12 Eng
35、age the drive-link mechanism and immediately throw the toggle switch in the electrode circuit.9.1.13 To determine initial water penetration, record the number of flexes indicated on the electrical counter when it stopscounting.9.1.14 To determine water absorption, remove the specimen from the machin
36、e, blot with absorbent paper, and weigh to thenearest 0.01 g.10. Calculation10.1 Water AbsorptionCalculate the percentage water absorption as follows:Water absorption,%5A 2B!/B# 3100 (1)where:A = mass of specimen after flexing, andB = mass of specimen before flexing.11. Report11.1 Report the followi
37、ng information:11.1.1 Water PenetrationNumber of flexes necessary to produce initial water penetration.11.1.2 Water Absorption:11.1.2.1 Percentage of water absorbed.11.1.2.2 Number of cycles that specimens were flexed.12. Precision12.1 Initial Water Penetration:12.1.1 The shape of the distribution c
38、urve of the individual initial water penetration values is not normal due to extreme values.There is a tendency for the standard deviation of the average of the initial water penetration values to increase as the waterresistance of the leather increases. Coefficients of variation of 100 % are not un
39、usual.12.1.2 Although the statistical analysis of initial water penetration data indicates poor quantitative precision, it is possible torank leathers qualitatively in the order of their water resistance.12.1.3 For research and development, it is suggested that the bend, belly, and shoulder areas of
40、 at least 12 sides of a giventreatment-leather combination be samples in triplicate.After establishing the performance characteristics of a treatment on a givenleather, the sampling need not be as extensive for production control and specification acceptance.12.2 Water Absorption:12.2.1 The water ab
41、sorption values tend to follow a more nearly normal distribution. Coefficients of variation of less than 25 %are not unusual.12.2.2 When comparing water absorption values, it is recommended that all specimens receive the same number of flexes.ASTM International takes no position respecting the valid
42、ity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subje
43、ct to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarte
44、rs. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard
45、is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).D2098 134
