1、Designation: D 2130 90 (Reapproved 2001)Standard Test Method forDiameter of Wool and Other Animal Fibers byMicroprojection1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2130; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision,
2、the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers
3、a procedure, using the micro-projector, for the determination of the average fiber diameterand the fiber diameter variation on wool and other animalfibers, such as mohair, cashmere, alpaca, camels hair, etc.(Note 1) in their various forms.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardeda
4、s the standard. The metric equivalents of inch-pound unitsmay be approximate.NOTE 1This test method may also be applied to any fibers having around cross section and accordingly may be used many times formelt-spun man-made fibers such as polyamides, polyesters, and glass; alsoit may be applied to a
5、limited number of polyacrylics and regeneratedcellulose type fibers. The values given in Appendix X1 for density andcorrection factors, however, apply only to wool and should not be used forother fibers. For suitable values for the density of other fibers, see Table5 in Test Methods D 629, Quantitat
6、ive Analysis of Textiles.2NOTE 2In subsequent sections of this test method, the term “wool”also signifies mohair or other fibers if the circumstances are applicable.NOTE 3For fineness specifications for wool, wool top, mohair, mohairtop, alpaca, and cashmere, refer to Specifications D 3991 and D 399
7、2,Specification D 2252, Test Method D 2816.1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safetyconcerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety andhealth practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitati
8、ons prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles2D 584 Test Method for Wool Content of Raw WoolLaboratory Scale2D 629 Test Methods for Quantitative Analysis of Textiles2D 1060 Practice for Core Sampling of Raw Wool in Pack-ages for Determination of Pe
9、rcentage of Clean Wool FiberPresent2D 1776 Practice for Conditioning Textiles for Testing2D 2252 Specification for Fineness of Types of Alpaca2D 2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing2D 2816 Test Method for Cashmere Coarse-Hair Content inCashmere2D 2968 Test Method for Med and Kemp Fibers in Wo
10、ol andOther Animal Fibers by Microprojection2D 3510 Test Method for Diameter of Wool and OtherAnimal Fibers by Image Analyzer3D 3991 Specification for Fineness of Wool or Mohair andAssignment of Grade4D 3992 Specification for Fineness of Wool Top or MohairTop and Assignment of Grade4E 380 Practice f
11、or Use of the International System of Units(SI) (the Modernized Metric System)52.2 Other Standards:Federal Standard, Official Standard of the United States forGrades of Wool, Section 31.0, Measurement Method forDetermining Grade of Wool, Section 31.2046IWTO-8-66(E) Method of Determining Wool Fiber D
12、iam-eter by the Projection Microscope73. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 average fiber diameter, n in wool and other animalfibers, the average width of a group of fibers when measured ona projected image.3.1.2 grade, nin wool and mohair, a numerical designa-tion used in classifying wool and mohair
13、in their raw, semi-processed, and processed forms based on average fiber diam-eter and variation of fiber diameter.3.1.3 For definitions of other textile terms used in this testmethod, refer to Terminology D 123.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the
14、direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.13 on Wool and FeltCurrent edition approved April 10, 2001. Published May 1990. Originallypublished as D 2130 61. Last previous edition D 2130 88.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.3Discontinued, see 1986 Annual Book of ASTM Standards , Vol 07.02.4Ann
15、ual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.02.5Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.6Service and Regulatory Announcement, No. 135, U. S. Department of Agricul-ture, C but do notcard those from coring tubes smaller than 1.25 in. (30 mm)since loss of fiber may occur.8.1.3 Gridding and Machine BlendingFor
16、samples otherthan those specified in 8.1.1 and 8.1.2, divide the sample into40 portions of approximately equal size. From each portiondraw at random a sufficient quantity of fiber to provide a testspecimen of 20 g. Scour or otherwise clean the test specimen,of grease or pulled wool. Homogenize the c
17、lean specimen bycarding 3 times, breaking the web, and feeding at right anglesafter the first and second passes; or by gilling 15 times,breaking, and combining the pieces of silver as required tomaintain a convenient length.8.2 Card Sliver Strip off portions of each of the ten 2-ft(600-mm) lengths o
18、f sliver (see 7.1.4). Combine these portionsto form a composite sliver about 2 ft in length. This constitutesthe test specimen.8.3 TopEach of the four sections of sliver comprising thesample (see 7.1.5) constitutes a test specimen.8.4 YarnThe yarn sections (see 7.2) constitute the testspecimen.8.5 F
19、abricThe undisturbed piece of fabric or the teasedout yarns of the fabric (see 7.2) constitute the test specimen.9. Calibration of Microprojector9.1 Adjust the microprojector to produce a magnification of5003 in the plane of the projected image. Do this by placinga stage micrometer on the stage of t
20、he microprojector andbringing the microscope into such adjustment that the lines ofthe micrometer are sharply focused in the center of the imageplane. An interval of 0.20 mm on the stage micrometer willthen measure 100 mm on the image plane, or 0.01 mm on themicrometer will measure 5 mm on the image
21、 plane. Allmeasurements must be made with the specimen in a plane atthe same distance from the stage as the lines on the stagemicrometer.10. Conditioning10.1 Precondition all test specimens to approximate equi-librium in an atmosphere having a relative humidity of 10 to25 % and a temperature of not
22、over 122F (50C), thencondition the samples for at least4hinthestandard atmo-sphere for testing textiles, 65 6 2 % relative humidity and 706 2F (21 6 1C), as directed in Practice D 1776.11. Test Provisions11.1 Separate observations shall be made by two operators.11.2 Each operator shall independently
23、 prepare at least oneslide for each test specimen.12. Preparation of Slides by Use of Heavy-Duty Cross-Section Device12.1 Compacting Specimen:FIG. 3 Wedge ScaleD 2130 90 (2001)412.1.1 Sliver Specimen At an area of the sliver, estimatedto be a full fiber length or more from the end, place thespecimen
24、 in the slot of the metal plate, compress with the key,and secure with the set screw.12.1.2 Bulk Specimen Draw small quantities of fiber atrandom, pack the assemblage of fibers into the slot, compressand secure as directed in 12.1.1.12.1.3 Yarn Specimen Pack the assemblage of yarn piecesinto the slo
25、t, compress, and secure as directed in 12.1.1.12.1.4 Fabric Specimen Pack the assemblage of warp orfilling yarn pieces or diagonal cuts of fabric into the slot,compress, and secure as directed in 12.1.1. If it is known thatwarp and filling yarns are identical, make a diagonal cut ineach of the fabri
26、c samples. Segregate the warp and filling yarnswhen of different or unknown composition and when necessaryto determine diameter and dispersion for each.12.2 Preliminary Sectioning of SpecimenCut off thegripped fibers at the upper and under surfaces of the plate.Extrude the fiber bundle about 0.50 mm
27、 to take up slack in thefibers and the propulsion mechanism. Moisten the projectingfibers with a few drops of mounting medium. With a sharprazor blade, cut off this projecting fiber bundle flush with theupper surface of the fiber-holding plate, and discard thesection.12.3 Final Sectioning of Specime
28、nAgain extrude the fiberbundle approximately 0.25 mm (250 m). With the razor blade,cut off the projecting fibers flush with the plate, leaving thefiber pieces adhering to the razor blade.12.4 Mounting the Fibers on the SlidePlace a few dropsof mounting medium on a clean glass slide. With a dissectin
29、gneedle, scrape the fiber pieces from the blade onto the slide.Thoroughly disperse the fibers in the oil with the dissectingneedle (Fig. 4), and cover the specimen with a cover glass.NOTE 5Use sufficient oil in the preparation of the slide to ensurethorough distribution of the fibers, but an excess
30、must be avoided, aspractically no oil should be permitted to flow out or be squeezed outbeyond the borders of the cover glass. If the number of fibers is too greatto permit proper distribution on the slide, or if an excess of oil has beenused, wipe away a portion of the mixture after thorough disper
31、sion of thefibers.13. Preparation of Slides by Use of the FRL Fiber Cutter13.1 Cutting Specimens:13.1.1 FabricUsing the equipment described in 6.3.3,with the razor blades in alignment and firmly secured, force theblades vertically downward into the warp fringe close to theedge of the fabric. Repeat
32、the operation for the filling yarns. Ifthe warp and filling yarns are the same, the cut may be madediagonally, sectioning the warp and filling yarns of the fabric atthe same time. Make a duplicate cut at the opposite side of thefabric. The individual cuts should include between 1500 and2000 fibers,
33、approximately 250 m long.13.1.2 Yarns and Other Fiber AssembliesCut the preparedwoolen or worsted yarn specimens with the pieces arrayed asa unit, or other specimens of yarn, roving, and the like, in amanner similar to the procedure described in 13.1.1.13.2 Release of Cut SectionsRelease the top pla
34、te of thedevice, then remove the blades, holding the ends between thethumb and forefinger of one hand. By careful separation of theblades, the fiber sections will adhere to the edge of either blade.13.3 Mounting the Fibers on the SlideSee 12.4.14. Procedure14.1 Measure fibers the same day a slide is
35、 prepared.14.2 Place the finished (prepared) slide on the microprojec-tor stage with the cover glass toward the objective (see 9.1).14.3 Plan the viewing traverses across the slide to ensurethat all portions under the glass are selected (sampled) for fibermeasurement.14.4 To measure a fiber, bring t
36、he midlength area into sharpfocus on the wedge scale. When correctly focused the fiberedges appear as fine lines, not as pronounced dark borders (Fig.5). However, the two edges of the fiber may not be in focus atthe same time. If both edges of the fiber are not uniformly infocus, adjust the focus so
37、 that one edge of the fiber appears asa fine line and the other edge shows as a bright line. FiberFIG. 4 Dispersion of Fibers on SlideD 2130 90 (2001)5image width is regarded as the distance between the fine linesof both edges when they are uniformly in focus, or the fine lineof one edge and the inn
38、er side of the bright line at the otheredge when they are not uniformly in focus.14.4.1 At the midlength area of the fiber, measure the widthof the image by marking the wedge at the point where thewidth of the wedge scale coincides with the width of the fiberimage (Fig. 6). Position the wedge scale
39、so the taper of thescale is opposite any taper in the fiber image.14.5 In the planned traverses, measure all fibers whosemidlength area comes within the field of a 4-in. (100-mm)diameter circle, centrally located in the projected area. Kempand med fibers which come within the field of measurement ar
40、eto be measured for fiber diameter. Exclude from measurementfiber images shorter than 100 mm (200 m fiber) or longer than150 mm (300 m fiber) and those having a distorted image. Ifthe width of a fiber image is less than or greater than the limitsof the wedge scale, project the fiber image onto the b
41、order ofthe wedge scale and draw lines which coincide with the edgesof the midlength area. Measure the distance between the linesin millimetres and convert to micrometres; 1 mm is equal to 2m at a magnification of 500x.15. Number of Fibers15.1 The number of fibers to be measured depends on thevariab
42、ility of the fiber diameters and the required or desiredprecision of the average. Calculate the number by using Eq 1:n 5 ts/E!2(1)where:n = number of fibers to be measured,s = standard deviation of fiber diameters,E = allowable variation of the mean, m, andt = 1.960, the value of Students t for infi
43、nite degrees offreedom, two-sided limits, and a 95 % probabilitylevel, (t2= 3.842).15.2 Estimates of standard deviation for the various gradesof wool and wool top, mohair and mohair top, and alpaca aregiven in TablesA1.1-A1.3, together with the calculated numberof fibers required for various confide
44、nce intervals of the meanat a statistical probability of 0.95.16. Calculation16.1 From the observations determined with the wedgescales calculate the pertinent information as shown in theexample (Table A1.4).17. Report17.1 State that the specimens were tested as directed inASTM Test Method D 2130 an
45、d state the type and number ofsamples taken and the kind of material that was tested.17.2 Report the following information:17.2.1 The average fiber diameter ( X)inm.17.2.2 The fiber diameter distribution, where applicable.17.2.3 The standard deviation of fiber diameters, in m.17.2.4 The coefficient
46、of variation of fiber diameters, %, v.17.2.5 The 95 % confidence limits for the lot mean.18. Precision and Bias18.1 PrecisionEstimates of standard deviation for thevarious grades of wool and wool top, mohair and mohair top,and alpaca are given in Tables A1.1-A1.3, together with thecalculated number
47、of fibers required for various confidenceintervals of the mean at a 95 % probability level.18.2 BiasThe procedure in Test Method D 2130 for mea-suring the diameter of wool fibers by microprojection is widelyaccepted in the trade as having no known bias and is generallyused as a referee method.19. Ke
48、ywords19.1 animal fibers (except wool); diameter; wool(a) Correct (b) IncorrectFIG. 5 Correctly and Incorrectly Focused FiberFIG. 6 Point to Mark Wedge Scale: Where Wedge and FiberImage CoincideD 2130 90 (2001)6ANNEX(Mandatory Information)A1. DATA FOR PRECISION OF MEASUREMENTS AND EXAMPLES OF CALCUL
49、ATIONSA1.1 The estimates of standard deviation for the variousgrades of wool for determination of the number of fibers tomeasure at selected confidence limits and examples of calcu-lations listed in 15.1 and 15.2 are given in Tables A1.1-A1.4.TABLE A1.1 Wool and Wool Top:ANumber of Fibers to be Measured for Selected Confidence Limits of Mean inMicrometres, m at a 95 % Probability Level, forSelected Standard Deviation ValuesWool orWool TopGradeTypicalAverageStandardDeviation,mNumber of Fibers to beMeasured for 95 % Confidence Limits of LotM
