1、Designation: D 2170 01a (Reapproved 2006)Designation: 319/84 (89)Standard Test Method forKinematic Viscosity of Asphalts (Bitumens)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2170; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of r
2、evision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test metho
3、d covers procedures for the determina-tion of kinematic viscosity of liquid asphalts (bitumens), roadoils and distillation residues of liquid asphalts (bitumens) all at60C (140F) and of asphalt cements at 135C (275F) (Note1) in the range from 6 to 100 000 mm2/s (cSt).1.2 Results of this test method
4、can be used to calculateviscosity when the density of the test material at the testtemperature is known or can be determined. See Annex A1 forthe method of calculation.NOTE 1This test method is suitable for use at other temperatures andat lower kinematic viscosities, but the precision is based on de
5、terminationson liquid asphalts and road oils at 60C (140F) and on asphalt cementsat 135C (275F) only in the viscosity range from 30 to 6000 mm2/s (cSt).1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of thi
6、s standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statementsfor Test Methods for Construction MaterialsD92 Test Method for
7、 Flash and Fire Points by ClevelandOpen Cup TesterD 341 Test Method for Viscosity-Temperature Charts forLiquid Petroleum ProductsD 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D 446 Specifications and Operating Instructions for Glass
8、Capillary Kinematic ViscometersD 2162 Practice for Basic Calibration of Master Viscom-eters and Viscosity Oil StandardsD 2493 Standard Viscosity-Temperature Chart for AsphaltsE 1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Ther-mometers3. Ter
9、minology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 densitythe mass per unit volume of liquid and thecgs unit of density is 1 g/cm3. The SI unit of density is 1 kg/m3.3.1.2 kinematic viscositythe ratio of the viscosity to thedensity of a liquid. It is a measure of the resistance to flow ofa liquid under gravity. The SI u
10、nit of kinematic viscosity ism2/s; for practical use, a submultiple (mm2/s) is more conve-nient. The cgs unit of kinematic viscosity is 1 cm2/s and iscalled a stokes (symbol St). The centistokes (1 cSt = 102St) is1mm2/s and is often used.3.1.3 Newtonian liquida liquid in which the rate of shearis pr
11、oportional to the shearing stress. The constant ratio of theshearing stress to the rate of shear is the viscosity of the liquid.If the ratio is not constant, the liquid is non-Newtonian.3.1.4 viscositythe ratio between the applied shear stressand rate of shear is called the coefficient of viscosity.
12、 Thiscoefficient is a measure of the resistance to flow of a liquid. Itis commonly called the viscosity of the liquid. The cgs unit ofviscosity is 1 g/cms (1 dynes/cm2) and is called a poise (P).The SI unit of viscosity is 1 Pas (1 Ns/m2) and is equivalentto 10 P.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The tim
13、e is measured for a fixed volume of the liquid toflow through the capillary of a calibrated glass capillaryviscometer under an accurately reproducible head and at a1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Roadand Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcom
14、mittee D04.44 onRheological Tests. In the IP this test method is under the jurisdiction of theStandardization Committee.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2006. Published December 2006. Originallyapproved in 1963. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 2170 02.2For referenced ASTM standards, visi
15、t the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-29
16、59, United States.closely controlled temperature. The kinematic viscosity is thencalculated by multiplying the efflux time in seconds by theviscometer calibration factor.5. Significance and Use5.1 The kinematic viscosity characterizes flow behavior.The method is used to determine the consistency of
17、bitumen asone element in establishing the uniformity of shipments orsources of supply. The specifications are usually at tempera-tures of 60 and 135C.6. Apparatus6.1 Viscometers, capillary-type, made of borosilicate glass,annealed, suitable for this test are described in Annex A2 andinclude the foll
18、owing:6.1.1 Cannon-Fenske viscometer for opaque liquids,6.1.2 Zeitfuchs cross-arm viscometer,6.1.3 Lantz-Zeitfuchs viscometer,6.1.4 BS U-Tube modified reverse flow viscometer.6.2 Calibrated viscometers are available from commercialsuppliers. Details regarding calibration of viscometers aregiven in A
19、nnex A3.6.3 ThermometersCalibrated liquid-in-glass thermom-eters of an accuracy after correction of 0.02C (0.04F) can beused or any other thermometric device of equal accuracy.ASTM Kinematic Viscosity Thermometers 47C and 47F andIP35C and 35F are suitable for use at 60C (140F) andASTMKinematic Visco
20、sity Thermometers 110C and 110F are suitablefor use at 135C (275F).6.3.1 The specified thermometers are standardized at“ totalimmersion,” which means immersion to the top of the mercurycolumn with the remainder of the stem and the expansionchamber at the top of the thermometer exposed to roomtempera
21、ture. The practice of completely submerging the ther-mometer is not recommended. When thermometers are com-pletely submerged, corrections for each individual thermom-eter based on calibration under conditions of completesubmergence must be determined and applied. If the thermom-eter is completely su
22、bmerged in the bath during use, thepressure of the gas in the expansion chamber will be higher orlower than during standardization, and may cause high or lowreadings on the thermometer.6.3.2 It is essential that liquid-in-glass thermometers becalibrated periodically using the technique given in Test
23、Method E77(see Appendix X1).6.4 BathA bath suitable for immersion of the viscometerso that the liquid reservoir or the top of the capillary, whicheveris uppermost, is at least 20 mm below the upper bath level, andwith provisions for visibility of the viscometer and the ther-mometer. Firm supports fo
24、r the viscometer shall be provided,or the viscometer may be an integral part of the bath. Theefficiency of the stirring and the balance between heat lossesand heat input must be such that the temperature of the bathmedium does not vary by more than 60.03C (60.05F) overthe length of the viscometer, o
25、r from viscometer to viscometerin the various bath positions at 60C (140F). The variation at135C (275F) must not exceed 60.03C (60.05F).NOTE 2Distilled water is a suitable bath liquid for determinations at60C (140F). USPWhite Oil with a flash point above 215C (420F) hasbeen found suitable for determ
26、inations at 135C (275F). The flash pointis determined in accordance with Test Method D92.6.5 TimerA stop watch or other spring-activated timingdevice graduated in divisions of 0.1 s or less and accurate towithin 0.05 % when tested over intervals of not less than 15min.6.6 Electrical Timing Devices m
27、ay be used only on electri-cal circuits the frequencies of which are controlled to anaccuracy of 0.05 % or better.6.6.1 Alternating currents, the frequencies of which areintermittently and not continuously controlled, as provided bysome public power systems, can cause large errors, particularlyover
28、short timing intervals, when used to actuate electricaltiming devices.7. Preparation of Sample7.1 To minimize loss of volatile constituents and to obtainreproducible results, proceed as follows:7.1.1 Procedure for Liquid Asphalt (Bitumen) and Road Oil:7.1.1.1 Allow sealed samples, as received, to re
29、ach roomtemperature.7.1.1.2 Open the sample container and mix the samplethoroughly by stirring for 30 s taking care to avoid theentrapment of air. If the sample is too viscous for such stirring,place the sample in the tightly sealed container in a bath oroven maintained at 63 6 3C (145 6 5F) until i
30、t becomessufficiently liquid for stirring.7.1.1.3 Immediately charge the viscometer, or, if the test isto be made at a later time, pour approximately 20 mL into oneor more clean, dry containers having a capacity of approxi-mately 30 mL and immediately seal with an airtight closure.7.1.1.4 For materi
31、als with kinematic viscosities at 60C(140F) above 800 mm2/s (cSt), heat the 20-mL sample in thesealed container in an oven or bath maintained at 63 6 3CTABLE 1 Acceptability of Test Results for Kinematic ViscosityNOTE 1The values given in column 2 are the coefficients of variationthat have been foun
32、d to be appropriate for the materials and conditions oftest described in column 1.The values given in column 3 are the limits thatshould not be exceeded by the difference between the results of twoproperly conducted tests.Material and Type IndexCoefficient ofVariation (% ofmean)AAcceptableRangeof Tw
33、o Results(% of mean)ASingle-operator precision:Asphalt cements at 135C(275F)0.64 1.8Liquid asphalts at 60C (140F):below 3000 mm2/s (cSt) 0.53 1.53000 to 6000 mm2/s (cSt) 0.71 2.06000 mm2/s (cSt) and above 3.2 8.9Multilaboratory precision:Asphalt cements at 135C(275F)3.1 8.8Liquid asphalts at 60C (14
34、0F):below 3000 mm2/s (cSt) 1.06 3.03000 to 6000 mm2/s (cSt)B3.11 9.0above 6000 mm2/s (cSt)B3.6 10.0AThese numbers represent, respectively, the (1s %) and (d2s %) limits asdescribed in Practice C 670.BBased on less than 30 degrees of freedom.D 2170 01a (2006)2(1456 5F) until it is sufficiently liquid
35、 for a convenienttransfer into the viscometer. Such heating should not exceed 30min.7.1.2 Procedure for Asphalt Cement:7.1.2.1 Heat the sample with care to prevent local overheat-ing until it has become sufficiently fluid to pour, occasionallystirring the sample to aid heat transfer and to assure un
36、iformity.7.1.2.2 Transfer a minimum of 20 mL into a suitablecontainer and heat to 135 6 5.5C (275 6 10F), stirringoccasionally to prevent local overheating and taking care toavoid the entrapment of air.8. Procedure8.1 The specific details of operation vary somewhat for thevarious types of viscometer
37、s. See the detailed descriptions ofviscometers in Annex A2 for instructions for using the typeviscometer selected. In all cases, however, follow the generalprocedure described in 8.2 to 8.8.8.2 Maintain the bath at the test temperature within60.01C (60.02F) for test temperature of 60C (140F) andwith
38、in 60.03C (60.05F) for test temperature of 135C(275F). Apply the necessary corrections, if any, to all ther-mometer readings.8.3 Select a clean, dry viscometer which will give an effluxtime greater than 60 s and preheat to test temperature.8.4 Charge the viscometer in the manner dictated by thedesig
39、n of the instrument, as prescribed in Annex A2.8.5 Allow the charged viscometer to remain in the bath longenough to reach the test temperature, as prescribed in AnnexA2.8.6 Start the flow of asphalt in the viscometer as prescribedin Annex A2.8.7 Measure to within 0.1 s, the time required for thelead
40、ing edge of the meniscus to pass from the first timing markto the second. If this efflux time is less than 60 s, select aviscometer of smaller capillary diameter and repeat the opera-tion.8.8 Upon completion of the test, clean the viscometerthoroughly by several rinsings with an appropriate solventc
41、ompletely miscible with the sample, followed by a completelyvolatile solvent. Dry the tube by passing a slow stream offiltered dried air through the capillary for 2 min, or until the lasttrace of solvent is removed. Alternatively, the viscometer maybe cleaned in a glass cleaning oven, at a temperatu
42、re not toexceed 500C (932F), followed by rinses with distilled ordeionized water, residue-free acetone, and filtered dry air.Periodically clean the instrument with a strong acid cleaningsolution to remove organic deposits, rinse thoroughly withdistilled water and residue-free acetone, and dry with f
43、iltereddry air.NOTE 3The cleaning oven may burn off the glue that connects theviscometer tube to the holder.8.8.1 Chromic acid cleaning solution may be prepared byadding, with the usual precautions, 800 mL of concentratedsulphuric acid to a solution of 92 g of sodium dichromate in458 mL of water. Th
44、e use of similar commercially availablesulphuric acid cleaning solutions is acceptable. Nonchromium-containing, strongly oxidizing acid cleaning solutions3may besubstituted so as to avoid the disposal problems of chromium-containing solutions.8.8.2 Use of alkaline glass cleaning solutions may result
45、 ina change of viscometer calibration, and is not recommended.9. Calculation9.1 Calculate the kinematic viscosity to three significantfigures using the following equation:Kinematic viscosity, mm2/s cSt!5Ct (1)where:C = calibration constant of the viscometer, mm2/c2(cSt/s),andt = efflux time, s.NOTE
46、4Other ASTM publications on viscosity that may be used inconjunction with results determined in accordance with this test methodare Test Method D 445, Standards D 341 and D 2493, and SpecificationsD 446.10. Report10.1 Always report the test temperature with the result, forexample:Kinematic viscosity
47、 at 60C 5 75.6 mm2/s cSt! (2)11. Precision11.1 Criteria for judging the acceptability of viscosity testresults obtained by this method are given in Table 1.3A commercial source for nonchromium-containing cleaning solution is GodaxLaboratories, Inc., 480 Canal St., New York, NY 10013. If you are awar
48、e ofalternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM InternationalHeadquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee,1which you may attend.D 2170 01a (2006)3ANNEXES(Mandatory Information)A1. CALCULATION OF VISCOSITY OF A NE
49、WTONIAN LIQUIDA1.1 The viscosity of a Newtonian liquid is calculated fromits kinematic viscosity by multiplying the kinematic viscosityby the density of the liquid at the test temperature.A1.2 For paving grade asphalts, density at 135C (275F)can be conveniently determined from specific gravity at25/25C (77/77F) by multiplying by a factor of 0.934 g/cm3;or from the specific gravity at 15.5/15.5C (60/60F) bymultiplying by a factor of 0.931 g/cm3. These factors are basedon an average coefficient of expans
