1、Designation: D 2228 04 (Reapproved 2009)Standard Test Method forRubber PropertyRelative Abrasion Resistance by PicoAbrader Method1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2228; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of rev
2、ision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method c
3、overs the determination of the abra-sion resistance of vulcanized (thermoset) rubbers, thermoplas-tic elastomers, and elastomeric and similar materials to astandardized reference system. A standardized set of referencecompounds is used to calculate relative abrasion resistance.These reference compou
4、nds are also used to determine therelative performance, within a permissible range, of the cuttingknives used in performing the test.1.2 All materials, instruments, or equipment used for thedetermination of mass, force, or dimension shall have trace-ability to the National Institute for Standards an
5、d Technology,2or other internationally recognized organization parallel innature.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated wi
6、th its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D 618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for TestingD 3182 Practic
7、e for RubberMaterials, Equipment, andProcedures for Mixing Standard Compounds and Prepar-ing Standard Vulcanized SheetsD 4483 Practice for Evaluating Precision for Test MethodStandards in the Rubber and Carbon Black ManufacturingIndustries3. Summary of Test Method3.1 In this test method, a pair of t
8、ungsten carbide cuttingknives of a specified geometry and configuration are used toabrade the surface of the specimen. The knives are loweredonto a circular test specimen, or button, which is rotated undercontrolled conditions of speed, time, and force on the cuttingknives. A dusting powder is used
9、as an interface between thecutting knives and the specimen to engulf the abraded rubberparticles and to maintain the cutting knives relatively free fromoils, resins, and the like, which may be present in the specimenand may interfere with the abrasion assessment.Aseries of fivecalibration compounds
10、are used to determine that the sharpnessof the knives and hence, the calibration of the instrument, arewithin the specified limits, and additionally, as referencestandards to which the abrasion resistance, determined byvolumetric loss, of a subject material may be compared.4. Significance and Use4.1
11、 This test method may be used to estimate the relativeabrasion resistance of subject materials as described in 1.1.Nocorrelation between this accelerated test and service perfor-mance is given or implied, due, in part, to the widely varyingnature of service conditions.4.2 The formulas, for which the
12、 mixing and curing specifi-cations are given in Annex A1, once prepared, are referred toas calibration compounds. These calibration compounds maybe used to determine the performance status of the cuttingknives as described in this test method.4.3 The performance of the cutting knives may also bedete
13、rmined by periodically determining their dimensions asdescribed in 6.1.7.4.4 The calibration compounds are used as reference stan-dards to which the abrasion resistance, determined by volumeloss of a subject material, may be compared.4.5 Once the resistance to abrasion is established, using thismeth
14、odology, for a specific material, the results achieved maybe used as a basis for future comparative analysis of identical1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D11 on Rubberand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D11.15 on Degradation Tests.Current edition approved Ju
15、ly 1, 2009. Published September 2009. Originallyapproved in 1963. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D 2228 041.2Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100Bureau Dr., Stop 3460, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-3460.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website,
16、www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.ma
17、terials, either as agreed upon between laboratories, orbetween customer and supplier.5. Interference5.1 This test method is conducted under controlled condi-tions, except for the sharpness of the cutting knives. Thebehavior of the materials, as described in 1.1, yield varyingresults with respect to
18、the cutting knives. This variation can beminimized by maintaining the knives in accordance withrecommendations outlined in Section 9.6. Apparatus6.1 Pico Tester, the apparatus is illustrated in Fig. 1.6.1.1 Turntable, on which the test specimen is mounted androtated, having the capability of maintai
19、ning 1.00 6 0.03 Hz(rps) throughout the duration of a test cycle (see Section 10).6.1.2 Instrument Frame, with armature assembly that holdsand lifts the cutting knives. Mounted on top of the assembly isa “dead-weight load box” in which masses (weights) may beplaced to regulate the force on the cutti
20、ng knives (see Section10). The assembly moves freely in a bearing housing thatpermits vertical motion but counteracts the reaction torque onthe cutting knives, thus preventing rotation. Vertical travel,once knives have been lowered onto the test specimen, isrestricted by an arm lock.6.1.3 Drive Moto
21、r, with forward, reverse, and stop controlsto govern the operation of the turntable.6.1.4 Dusting Powder Reservoir and Feeder Tubes, capableof supplying a uniform flow of dusting powder at the rate of 5mg/s to the interface of the cutting knives and test specimenduring operation (see Section 10).FIG
22、. 1 Typical Pico TesterFIG. 1 Typical Pico Tester (continued)D 2228 04 (2009)26.1.5 Vacuum Dust Collector, with vacuum sweeper hose ofrubber tubing capable of rapid removal of the dusting powderand debris from the specimen and cutting knife interface.6.1.6 Digital Counters, a pair mounted diametrica
23、lly op-posed to one another on the turntable support, capable ofdisplaying a total count of no less than 80 and determining therotations of the turntable to within 1.00 6 0.03 Hz (rps)throughout the duration of a test cycle (see Section 10).6.1.7 Cutting Knives, tungsten carbide knives manufacturedt
24、o the specifications in Fig. 2 of Grade 831 Carboloy or anequivalent material, at the time of manufacture or resharpen-ing.6.1.7.1 The cutting knives shall have a “cutting edge”formed by the angle of the two bevels. The apex of the angleshall have a blunted edge, or “flat,” with a width of 10 6 5 m.
25、6.1.7.2 At the time of manufacture or resharpening, the“cutting edge” may be less than 10 6 5 m. The blunted edge,or “flat,” shall then be produced by the end user, manufacturer,or resharpening service supplier, by dulling with a diamonddust, or other suitable method to 10 6 5 m prior to first use.N
26、OTE 1The supplier shall notify the end user of new or resharpenedcutting knives of the final specifications of the cutting edges and otherdimensional specifications.6.1.7.3 The width of the blunted edge, or “flat,” shall beverified either by standard microscopy techniques or scanningelectron microsc
27、opy.4,56.1.7.4 The beveled surfaces shall have a finish equivalentto a No. 4-m finish at the time of manufacture or resharpen-ing.6.1.7.5 The cutting knives, at the time of manufacture orresharpening, shall be matched in pairs so that the overalldimensions of each of the three major axes have a diff
28、erencebetween them individually no greater than 0.013 mm (0.0005in.) and that they are parallel to within 60.0065 mm (0.00025in.).6.2 Grinder, for preparing the surfaces of test specimens.The grinder shall be equipped with:6.2.1 A magnetic plate for holding the specimen in place,6.2.2 A micrometer a
29、djustment capable of controlling thevertical movement of the abrasive wheel in 0.025-mm (0.001-in.) increments,6.2.3 A handwheel for traversing the specimen,6.2.4 An electric motor with a spindle having a rotationalfrequency of 95 6 3 Hz (rps) and equipped with an arbor tosecure the abrasive wheel (
30、see Section 10), and6.2.5 An abrasive wheel with a diameter of no less than 100mm (4 in.) and 12.5 mm (0.5 in.) in width, when new, and acenter mounting hole of 12.7 mm (0.5 in.) in diameter. The gritof the wheel shall be equivalent to Carborundum C30LB.6.3 Balance, accurate to 60.0001 g.7. Auxiliar
31、y Materials7.1 Dusting Powder:7.1.1 The dusting powder used shall be a blend of equalparts by weight of aluminum oxide and diatomaceous earth.The diatomaceous earth should first be passed through a No.200 (75-m) screen and the retained material discarded.5,67.1.2 A mixture of the two materials, in e
32、qual parts, shall bethoroughly blended, densed, and screened. When preparingsmall quantities, the following procedure is satisfactory:7.1.2.1 Into a sturdy ceramic, wide mouth, 4-dm3jar, place100 g of each of the two materials.4The sole source of supply of the scanning electron microscopy (SEM)verif
33、ication of cutting knife dimensions known to the committee at this time is BFGoodrich Research and Development, Brecksville, OH.5If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information toASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consider-ation at a meetin
34、g of the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.6The sole source of supply of the Alon-C undensed aluminum oxide known tothe committee at this time is Cabot Corp., Boston, MA.FIG. 2 Pico Cutting KnivesD 2228 04 (2009)37.1.2.2 Blend thoroughly by agitation.7.1.2.3 Add 1000 g of 4.76 mm
35、 (316 in.) steel balls and placethe closed jar on a roller for approximately8hatabout 0.33 Hz(rps).7.1.2.4 Remove the steel balls.7.1.2.5 Scrape the densed dust out of the jar and passthrough a No. 30 (600 m) screen with the aid of a brush.5,77.2 Calibration Compounds:7.2.1 The formulas and the mixi
36、ng and curing specificationsfor the five calibration compounds are given in Annex A1.Abrief description of the five compounds in terms of rubber andblack types is as follows:Compound Rubber BlackA Styrene-Butadiene Industry ReferenceB Styrene-Butadiene Industry ReferenceC Natural Rubber Industry Ref
37、erenceD Styrene-ButadienePolybutadiene BlendIndustry ReferenceE Styrene-ButadienePolybutadiene BlendIntermediate SurfaceAbrasion Furnace BlackNOTE 2The compounds listed in 7.2.1, 9.1, and Annex A1 have beenmodified from the 1982 compounds, due to the unavailability of someingredients. The new compou
38、nds will not give equivalent results and new“Nominal Indices” and “Permissible Ranges” (see Table 1) are beingdeveloped. During the interim period of development, the previous (1982)calibration, or reference compounds, which can be prepared, shall beprepared and used as described in this test method
39、.7.2.2 The calibration compounds given in Annex A1 arecompounds developed in 2000. These compounds have beenmodified from the 1982 compounds (see Note 2). The 2000calibration compounds were not intended to give equivalentindex results to the calibration compounds described prior to2000. The “Nominal
40、 Indices” of the 2000 calibration com-pounds, however, have been developed based on the qualifi-cation in 5.1, and the “Permissible Ranges” are being estab-lished based on the specifications for the cutting knives asdelineated in 6.1.7.7.2.3 The five calibration compounds5,8are used to verifythe ope
41、rational status of the instrument. If within the “Permis-sible Ranges” described in Table 1, the subject materials arethen tested and compared with the test results of the calibrationcompounds. In essence, once it has been determined that thetester is in calibration, the calibration compounds act as
42、reference compounds and, where applicable, either of the twoterms will be used.8. Test Specimen8.1 The standard test specimen shall be molded to thedimensions shown in Fig. 3, and shall be regarded as thestandard test specimen.8.2 An alternative specimen may be used in which a disk ofthe test materi
43、al, not less than 1.59 mm (0.062 in.) in thicknessand of the same diameter as the standard specimen, is ce-mented to a previously used specimen, or one that has beenbuffed down to accommodate the thickness of the disk. Thedisk may be cut from a product or from a laboratory curedsheet.8.3 When testin
44、g conveyor belt covers or similar items, aspecimen may be prepared as described in 8.2 or by cuttingcylindrical specimens through the belt and cementing these tobuffed down standard specimens with either the top or bottomcover being the surface to be tested. Covers shall be at least0.79 mm (0.032 in
45、.) thick.8.4 In all tests, a minimum of two separately cured testspecimens per material shall be tested. If replicate determina-tions are required, they may be rebuffed and retested providingthe minimum specified thickness is maintained and noted inSection 12.9. Calibration9.1 The calibration of the
46、 Pico Abrader shall be verified atleast once for every 30 specimens tested, or when usingreformulated, remixed, or recured calibration compounds.NOTE 3Industry Reference Black No. 5 was used in Compounds Athrough D when these nominal indices were determined; Compound Econtains an ISAF Black. The mos
47、t recent IRB allotment (No. 6; 1986)does not match its predecessor of 1982 in physical properties performanceof vulcanized compounds. The nominal indices of Compounds A throughD maintain their relative values with respect to one another with the new7The sole source of supply of a preblended mixture
48、of these pigments known tothe committee at this time is Ferry Industries, Inc., Stow, OH.8Cured specimens will be available from Corporate, Consulting Service andInstruments, Inc. (CCSi) and Akron Rubber Development Laboratory, Inc. (ARDL),both of Akron, OH.TABLE 1 Calibration Compound (Reference Co
49、mpound)SpecificationsCompound DesignationABCDENominal indexPermissible range7669 to 838681 to 9110695 to 117113105 to 121128116to140FIG. 3 Standard Test SpecimenD 2228 04 (2009)4black allotment but Compound E is forced to a higher nominal index(148). See Section 8.9.1.1 The calibration shall be accomplished by testing eachof the five calibration compounds enumerated in Table 1.79.1.1.1 The calibration shall be performed as described inSection 10, and under the conditions described in Section 11.9.1.1.2 The results shall be calculated as described in9.2-9.4 and shall
