1、Designation: D299/D299M 04 (Reapproved 2009)1Standard Specification forAsbestos Yarns1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D299/D299M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A numb
2、er in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1NOTEUnits information was corrected editorially in March 2010.1. Scop
3、e1.1 This specification covers asbestos yarns having a mini-mum of 75 % asbestos fiber by mass, excluding the mass ofother inorganic reinforcing strands which may be present.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineac
4、h system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.3 WarningBreathing of asbestos dust is hazardous.Asbestos and asbestos products present demonstrated healthrisk
5、s for users and for those with whom they come into contact.In addition to other precautions, when working with asbestos-cement products, minimize the dust that results. For informa-tion on the safe use of chrysoltile asbestos, refer to “Safe Useof Chrysotile Asbestos: A Manual on Preventive and Cont
6、rolMeasures.”21.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to thetest methods, Section 13, described in this specification: Thisstandard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the userof this standard to establish
7、appropriate safety and healthpractices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-tions prior to use. See 1.3 for a specific safety hazardstatement.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for TextilesD123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD86
8、1 Practice for Use of the Tex System to DesignateLinear Density of Fibers, Yarn Intermediates, and YarnsD1118 Test Method for Magnetic Rating of Asbestos Fiberand Asbestos TextilesD1423 Test Method for Twist in Yarns by Direct-CountingD1918 Test Method for Asbestos Content of AsbestosTextilesD2100 S
9、pecification for Asbestos Textiles Used for Electri-cal Insulating PurposesD2260 Tables of Conversion Factors and Equivalent YarnNumbers Measured in Various Numbering SystemsD2946 Terminology for Asbestos and AsbestosCementProducts3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of other textile terms used in this
10、specification, refer to Terminology D123. For asbestos terms,refer to Terminology D2946.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 asbestos, n1. generala group of impure silicateminerals occurring in fibrous form. 2. textilethe hydrousmagnesium silicate serpentine mineral designated as chryso-tile, and having the empiri
11、cal formula Mg3Si2O5(OH)4.3.2.2 asbestos yarn construction number, na system ofnumbers designed to show the construction, namely, the cut ofthe single yarn, the number of plies, and whether reinforce-ments are present.3.2.2.1 DiscussionYarns up to 9-cut, inclusive, have3-digit construction numbers;
12、the first digit indicates the cut,the second digit the number of plies, and the third digit, thenumber of reinforcements. Yarns of 10-cut and over have4-digit construction numbers; the first 2 digits indicate the cut,the third digit, the number of plies, and the fourth digit, thenumber of reinforcem
13、ents.Yarns containing reinforcement are designated by the yarn construc-tion number followed by the description of the reinforcing strands.Examples:No. 1010 yarn 10-cut, single, no reinforcementNo. 1420 yarn 14-cut, 2-ply, no reinforcementNo. 931 yarn 9-cut, 3-ply, 1 reinforcement (as specified)1Thi
14、s specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C17 onFiber-Reinforced Cement Products and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC17.03 on Asbestos - Cement Sheet Products and Accessories.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2009. Published March 2010. Originallyapproved in 1928. Last
15、previous edition approved in 2004 as D299 041. DOI:10.1520/D0299_D0299M-04R09E012Available from The Asbestos Institute, http:/ referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, ref
16、er to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.When wire is the reinforcement the cut indicates the yardsper pound of asbestos yarn only (mass of the wire notincluded). Wh
17、en the reinforcement is other than wire, the cutindicates the yards per pound of the complete assembly.3.2.3 atmosphere for testing asbestos textiles, nair main-tained at a relative humidity of 50 6 2 % at 21 6 1C.3.2.4 cut (asbestos), nthe number of 100-yd lengths/lb453.6 g of asbestos yarn.3.2.4.1
18、 DiscussionThe term “cut” represents a length-per-unit-mass unit, and is derived by cutting (dividing) 7000 grains(453.6 g) by the mass of 100 yd in grains or the mass of 91.44m in grams of a single yarn. The number of such unitsexpresses the number of the cut, and when multiplied by 100,indicates t
19、he nominal yards per pound metres/kilogram.Example 1If 5 30-m skeins of single roving, or 150 m, weigh 45.2g, then 201.6 m weigh 60.7 g.Cut = 1 kg/60.7 g= 16.47, or 16.47-cut, which is 16-cut on the light side; and16 3 201.6 = 3226 m/kg, nominal.Example 2If 5 30-yd skeins of single yard, or 150 yd,
20、weigh 637.5grains, then 100 yd weigh 425 grains:Cut = 7000/425= 16.47, or 16.47-cut, which is 16-cut on the light side; and16 3 100 = 1600 yd/lb, nominal.The term “cut” as applied to asbestos may be defined differently incountries other than the USA.3.2.5 ply, n:3.2.5.1 The number of single yarns tw
21、isted together to forma plied yarn; also the number of plied yarns twisted together toform a cord.3.2.5.2 The individual yarn in a plied yarn or in a cord.3.2.5.3 One of several layers of fabric.3.2.6 twist, direction of, nthe direction of twist in yarnsand other textile strands is indicated by the
22、capital letters “S”and “Z” (see Fig. 1).3.2.6.1 DiscussionYarn has “S” twist if, when the yarn isheld in a vertical position, the visible spirals or helices aroundits central axis conform in direction of slope to the centralportion of the letter “S”; and “Z” twist if the visible spirals orhelices co
23、nform in direction of slope to the central portion ofthe letter “Z.”When two or more yarns, either single or plied, are twisted together,the letters “S” and “Z” are used in a similar manner to indicate thedirection of the last twist inserted.The letters“ S” and “Z” are also used to indicate the dire
24、ction ofwinding or wrapping of a yarn around a wire or any other core.4. Classification4.1 Classes of asbestos yarn are based on their structuralcomponent as follows:4.1.1 Class AYarn consisting of asbestos fiber or asbestosand other fiber(s).4.1.2 Class BAsbestos yarn containing wire reinforce-ment
25、(s).4.1.3 Class CAsbestos yarn containing organic reinforc-ing strand(s).4.1.4 Class DAsbestos yarn containing nonmetallic inor-ganic reinforcing strand(s).4.1.5 Class EAsbestos yarn containing a combination ofthe reinforcing strands used in Classes B through D.4.2 GradeThe grades of asbestos yarn a
26、re based on thepercentage of asbestos content by mass as stated in Table 1.5. Ordering Information5.1 Asbestos yarn is normally purchased on the basis ofyarn construction number, class, grade, amount and directionof twist, and breaking strength. Finished yarn package size is asagreed upon between th
27、e buyer and the seller.6. Materials and Manufacture6.1 RovingAsbestos yarn shall be uniformly spun from aspecified grade and cut of roving with or without reinforce-ment(s).6.2 Reinforcement(s) The reinforcement(s) may be in-serted during the carding process, spinning process, twistingprocess, or co
28、mbination of these.6.3 Wire ReinforcementsThe wire reinforcement may bebrass, copper, zinc, nickel, nichrome, inconel, and monel orother metal or alloy as specified in the order.6.4 Organic ReinforcementsThe organic reinforcement(s)may be cotton, nylon, rayon, or other spun or filament yarn(s)as spe
29、cified in the order.6.5 Nonmetallic Inorganic ReinforcementsThe inorganicreinforcement(s) may be glass, or other ceramic or vitreousspun or filament yarn(s) as specified in the order.7. Chemical Composition7.1 Asbestos Content The asbestos content of the gradespecified shall conform with requirement
30、s in Table 1.7.2 Magnetite ContentYarns to be used for electricalinsulating purposes shall conform to the electromagnetic re-quirements in Specification D2100.7.3 Reinforcements Chemical properties of the reinforce-ments shall meet the specifications for such materials as agreedupon the purchaser an
31、d the seller.FIG. 1 Direction of TwistTABLE 1 Grades of Asbestos YarnGrade Asbestos Content, mass %Commercial 75 up to but not including 80Underwriters 80 up to but not including 85A 85 up to but not including 90AA 90 up to but not including 95AAA 95 up to but not including 99AAAA 99 to 100 inclusiv
32、eD299/D299M 04 (2009)128. Physical Properties8.1 Electromagnetic PropertiesYarn to be used for elec-trical insulating purposes shall conform with SpecificationD2100.8.2 Reinforcements The physical properties of the rein-forcements shall meet the specifications for such materials asagreed upon by the
33、 purchaser and the seller.9. Mechanical Properties9.1 Tensile (Breaking) StrengthThe tensile (breaking)strength (breaking load) of asbestos yarn shall be as agreedupon by the purchaser and seller.10. Dimensions, Mass, and Permissible Variations10.1 The properties of asbestos yarn shall conform to th
34、eapplicable material specification, subject to the followingtolerances:10.1.1 Yarn Number (Cut)The linear density in metres perkilogram yards per pound of single asbestos yarns shallconform to the limits prescribed in Table 2.10.1.2 TwistThe direction and amount of twist shall be asagreed upon by th
35、e purchaser and the seller.11. Sampling11.1 Take five sample tubes at random from each lot of 400to 500 kg 800 to 1000 lb, or fraction thereof, preferably frommore than two containers (cases) of yarn.12. Specimen Preparation12.1 Condition all sample in the standard atmosphere fortesting asbestos tex
36、tiles (see section 3.6) for a minimum of 4 h,or until a specimen of the sample shows no progressive changein mass of more than 0.1 % after an exposure of 0.5 h.13. Test Methods13.1 Yarn Number (Cut):13.1.1 ScopeThis test method covers the determination ofthe cut of plain or reinforced, single or pli
37、ed, asbestos yarn.13.1.2 Significance and UseThe cut number of a yarnsignifies how fine the yarn is and its length per unit mass. Thisis used to select yarns that are appropriate for the production ofasbestos textile products conforming to given specifications.13.1.3 HazardsWarningsee 1.3.13.1.4 Pro
38、cedure:13.1.4.1 Determine the linear density in metres per kilogramyards per pound of plain or nonmetallic reinforced asbestosyarn, single or plied, as directed in 13.1.4.2, 13.1.4.4, and13.1.4.6. Calculate the yarn number (cut) by dividing themetres per kilogram by 201.6 yards per pound by 100.13.1
39、.4.2 Single Asbestos YarnDetermine the metres perkilogram yards per pound of conditioned plain or nonmetallicreinforced single asbestos yarn by reeling a 30 6 0.5-m 30-yd6 20-in. skein from each of five tubes taken at random fromeach lot of 400 to 500 kg 800 to 1000 lb. Determine the massof each ske
40、in to the nearest 0.5 g. Calculate the metres perkilogram yards per pound of each specimen using Eq 1:Y 5 30 3 E/0.95 3 W or (1)Y 5 7000 3 30 3 E!/W 3 0.95! (2)where:Y = metres per kilogram yards per pound of singleyarn,E = number of ends of asbestos yarn,W = mass in kilograms pounds of a 30-m 30-yd
41、 skein,and0.95 = factor to compensate for an average contraction of5 % incurred in twisting.13.1.4.3 Calculate the average metres per kilogram yardsper pound of the five specimens.13.1.4.4 Single Asbestos Yarn in a Plied YarnDeterminethe metres per kilogram yards per pound of the conditionedTABLE 2
42、RequirementsAfor Specific Linear Mass of Standard Single AsbestosCut NumberNominal Specific Length Specific Permissible Range of Variation of Length per Unit Massm/kg yd/lb per pound, yd/lb per kgB, m/kg per 30-yd skein, yd/lb per 10-m skeinB, m/kg5-cut 1008 500 460 to 540 830 to 1190 525 to 575 890
43、 to 11206-cut 1210 600 552 to 648 995 to 1420 510 to 690 1140 to 12807-cut 1411 700 644 to 756 1160 to 1660 595 to 805 1330 to 14908-cut 1613 800 736 to 864 1330 to 1900 680 to 920 1530 to 17009-cut 1814 900 828 to 972 1490 to 2130 765 to 1035 1720 to 191010-cut 2016 1000 920 to 1080 1660 to 2370 85
44、0 to 1150 1910 to 213012-cut 2419 1200 1104 to 1296 1990 to 2850 1020 to 1380 2290 to 255014-cut 2822 1400 1288 to 1512 2320 to 3320 1190 to 1610 2670 to 297016-cut 3225 1600 1472 to 1728 2600 to 3780 1360 to 1840 3050 to 340018-cut 3629 1800 1656 to 1944 2990 to 4270 1530 to 2070 3430 to 388020-cut
45、 4032 2000 1840 to 2160 3320 to 4740 1700 to 2300 3810 to 425022-cut 4435 2200 2024 to 2376 3650 to 5220 1870 to 2530 4190 to 468024-cut 4838 2400 2208 to 2592 3990 to 5690 2040 to 2760 4570 to 510026-cut 5241 2600 2392 to 2808 4320 to 6170 2210 to 2990 4950 to 553028-cut 5645 2800 2576 to 3024 4650
46、 to 6640 2380 to 3220 5340 to 595030-cut 6048 3000 2760 to 3240 4980 to 7120 2550 to 3450 5720 to 638035-cut 7056 3500 3220 to 3780 5810 to 8300 2975 to 4025 5570 to 744040-cut 8064 4000 3680 to 4320 6640 to 9490 3400 to 4600 7620 to 851045-cut 9072 4500 4140 to 4860 7470 to 10700 3825 to 5175 8580
47、to 957050-cut 10080 5000 4600 to 5400 8300 to 11900 4250 to 5750 9530 to 10600AThese requirements apply to untreated single asbestos yarns. The m/kg yd/lb of treated yarn, such as sized yarn, shall be subject to an additional tolerance of 62%.BThese tex numbers are determined by dividing 496 050 by
48、the yd/lb. A tex unit is equal to the mass in grams of 1 km of yarn. See Tables D2260 and Practice D861.D299/D299M 04 (2009)13plain or nonmetallic reinforced single yarn in a plied yarn byreeling a 30 6 0.5-m 30-yd 6 20-in. skein from each of fivetubes taken at random from each lot of 400 to 500 kg
49、800 to1000 lb. Determine the mass of each skein to the nearest 0.5g. Calculate the metres per kilogram yards per pound usingEq 1.13.1.4.5 Calculate the average metres per kilogram yardsper pound of the five specimens.13.1.4.6 Single Asbestos Yarn in a Plied Metallic ReinforcedYarnDetermine the metres per kilogram yards per pound ofthe conditioned single yarn in a plied metallic reinforcedasbestos yarn by reeling a 30 6 0.5-m 30-yd 6 20-in. skei
