1、Designation:D811 Designation: D8 12Standard Terminology Relating toMaterials for Roads and Pavements1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、 A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval. BITUMINOUS MATERIALS Relating in General toBituminous Materialsaggregate, na granular material of mineral composition such as sand, gravel, she
3、ll, slag, or crushed stone, used with a cementingmedium to form mortars or concrete, or alone as in base courses, railroad ballasts, etc.anionic emulsion, na type of emulsion such that a particular emulsifying agent establishes a predominance of negative chargeson the discontinuous phase.asphalt, na
4、 subclass of bitumen which occurs in nature or is obtained in petroleum processing.asphalt binder, nan asphalt that is produced from petroleum residue either with or without the addition of non-particulate,non-fibrous modifiers.asphalt cement, nSee asphaltasphalt concrete, nSee asphalt mix.asphalt m
5、ix (asphalt mixture), na mixture of asphalt binder, emulsified asphalt, or cutback asphalt and aggregates. The mixturemay also include other materials.asphalt modifier, nOrganic or inorganic materials added to an asphalt binder to alter the properties or behavior of the binder.DISCUSSIONSuch materia
6、ls include polymers, other chemical modifiers, rubber, and hydrated lime. With the exception of rubber, asphalt modifiershave a particle size of 250 m or smaller.asphalt pavement, na structure consisting of one or more layers of asphalt mix resting on a subgrade.asphalt rock (rock asphalt), nrock fr
7、oma naturally occurring formation, usually limestone or sandstone, impregnatedthroughout its mass with asphalt.asphalt-rubber, na blend of asphalt cement, reclaimed tire rubber, and certain additives in which the rubber component is atleast 15 % by weight of the total blend and has reacted in the ho
8、t asphalt cement sufficiently to cause swelling of the rubberparticles.asphaltenes, ninsoluble materials that are precipitated by use of selected solvents, such as n-heptane.DISCUSSIONThe asphaltene fraction should be identified by the solvent and solvent-asphalt ratio used.bank gravel, ngravel foun
9、d in natural deposits, usually more or less intermixed with fine material, such as sand or clay, orcombinations thereof; gravelly clay, gravelly sand, clayey gravel, and sandy gravel indicate the varying proportions of thematerials in the mixture.bitumen, na class of black or dark-colored (solid, se
10、misolid, or viscous) cementitious substances, natural or manufactured,composed principally of high molecular weight hydrocarbons, of which asphalts, tars, pitches, and asphaltitespitches are typical.subclasses.bituminous, adjcontaining or treated with bitumen (also bituminized). Examples: bituminous
11、 concrete, bituminized felts andfabrics, bituminous pavement.bituminous emulsion, n(1) a suspension of minute globules of bituminous material in water or in an aqueous solution,(2) a suspension of minute globules of water or of an aqueous solution in a liquid bituminous material.blast-furnace slag,
12、nthe nonmetallic product, consisting essentially of silicates and alumino-silicates of lime and of other bases,that is developed simultaneously with iron in a blast furnace.cationic emulsion, na type of emulsion such that a particular emulsifying agent establishes a predominance of positive chargeso
13、n the discontinuous phase.cut-back asphalt, clinker, npetroleum residuum (asphalt) which has been blended with petroleum distillates.DISCUSSIONSlow-curing materials may be made directly by distillation and are often referred to as road oils. generally a fused or partly fusedby-product of the combust
14、ion of coal, but also including lava and portland-cement clinker, and partly vitrified slag and brick.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Road and Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.91 onTerminology.Current edition approved June 15,
15、 2011.July 1, 2012. Published July 2011.September 2012. Originally published as D 8 12. Last previous edition D 8 94, which waswithdrawn in 2007 and reinstated in June, 2011. DOI: 10.1520/D0008112.1This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an
16、indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to
17、be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.cut-back products, coal tar, npetroleum or tar residuums which have been blended with distillates. a dark brown to blackcementitious material produced
18、 by the destructive distillation of bituminous coal.flux, coarse aggregate, na bituminous material, generally liquid, used for softening other bituminous materials.Relating Specifically to Petroleum or Asphaltsasphalt, na dark brown to black cementitious material in which the predominating constitue
19、nts are bitumens which occur innature or are obtained in petroleum processing.asphalt cement, na fluxed or unfluxed asphalt specially prepared as to quality and consistency for direct use in the manufactureof bituminous pavements, and having a penetration at 25C (77F) of between 5 and 300, under a l
20、oad of 100 g applied for 5s.asphaltenes, nthe high molecular weight hydrocarbon fraction precipitated from asphalt by a designated paraffinic naphthasolvent at a specified solvent-asphalt ratio. (1) aggregate predominantly retained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve: or (2) thatportion of an aggregate ret
21、ained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve.DISCUSSIONThe asphaltene fraction should be identified by the solvent and solvent-asphalt ratio used. The definitions are alternatives to beapplied under differing circumstances. Definition (1) is applied to an entire aggregate either in a natural condition or afte
22、r processing. Definition (2)is applied to a portion of an aggregate. Requirements for properties and grading should be stated in the specification.asphalt rock (rock asphalt), coke-oven tar, na naturally occurring rock formation, usually limestone or sandstone, impregnatedthroughout its mass with a
23、minor amount of bitumen. coal tar produced in by-product coke ovens in the manufacture of cokefrom bituminous coal.asphalt-rubber, crack filler, na blend of asphalt cement, reclaimed tire rubber, and certain additives in which the rubbercomponent is at least 15% by weight of the total blend and has
24、reacted in the hot asphalt cement sufficiently to cause swellingof the rubber particles. bituminous material used to fill and seal cracks in existing pavements.naphthene-aromatics, crusher-run, na mixture of naphthenic and aromatic hydrocarbons which are adsorbed from a paraffinicsolvent on an adsor
25、bent during percolation and then desorbed with an aromatic solvent such as toluene.DISCUSSIONThe naphthene-aromatics fraction should be identified by the solvent, the solvent-asphalt ratio and the absorbing medium. the totalunscreened product of a stone crusher.native asphalt, cut-back asphalt, nasp
26、halt occurring as such in nature.polar-aromatics, na polar aromatic hydrocarbon fraction that is adsorbed on an adsorbing medium from a paraffinic solventduring percolation and then desorbed with a chlorinated hydrocarbon solvent such as trichloroethylene. petroleum residuum(asphalt) which has been
27、blended with petroleum distillates.DISCUSSIONThe polar-aromatics fraction should be identified by the solvent, the solvent-asphalt ratio and the absorbing medium. Slow-curingmaterials may be made directly by distillation and are often referred to as road oils.reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), cut-ba
28、ck products, nasphalt pavement or paving mixture removed from its originallocation for use in recycled asphalt paving mixture. petroleum or tar residuums which have been blended with distillates.recycled asphalt paving mixture, dense-graded aggregate, na mixture of reclaimed asphalt pavement with th
29、e inclusion, ifrequired, of asphalt cement, emulsified asphalt, cut-back asphalt, recycling agent, mineral aggregate, and mineral filler. anaggregate that has a particle size distribution such that when it is compacted, the resulting voids between the aggregate particles,expressed as a percentage of
30、 the total space occupied by the material, are relatively small.recycling agent (RA), dust binder, na blend of hydrocarbons with or without minor amounts of other materials that is used toalter or improve the properties of the aged asphalt in a recycled asphalt paving mixture.rock asphaltsee asphalt
31、 rock. a light application of bituminous material for the express purpose of laying and bonding loosedust.saturates, fine aggregate, na mixture of paraffinic and naphthenic hydrocarbons that on percolation in a paraffinic solvent arenot adsorbed on the adsorbing medium. Other compounds such as napht
32、henic and polar aromatics are adsorbed thus permittingthe separation of the saturate fraction. (1) aggregate passing the38-in. (9.5-mm) sieve and almost entirely passing the 4.75-mm(No. 4) sieve and predominantly retained on the 75-m (No. 200) sieve: or (2) that portion of an aggregate passing the 4
33、.75-mm(No. 4) sieve and retained on the 75-m (No. 200) sieve.DISCUSSIONThe saturates fraction should be identified by the solvent, the solvent-asphalt ratio and the absorbing medium.Relating Specifically to Tars and Pitches The definitions are alternatives to be applied under differing circumstances
34、.Definition (1) is applied to an entire aggregate either in a natural condition or after processing. Definition (2) is appliedto a portion of an aggregate. Requirements for properties and grading should be stated in the specifications.coal tar, flux, na dark brown to black cementitious material prod
35、uced by the destructive distillation of bituminous coal. abituminous material, generally liquid, used for softening other bituminous materials.coke-oven tar, fog seal, ncoal tar produced in by-product coke ovens in the manufacture of coke from bituminous coal. a lightD8122application of bituminous m
36、aterial to an existing pavement as a seal to inhibit raveling, or to seal the surface, or both. Mediumand slow-setting bituminous emulsions are usually used and may be diluted with water.fractured face, nan angular, rough, or broken surface of an aggregate particle created by crushing, by other arti
37、ficial means, orby nature.“free-carbon” in tars, nthe hydrocarbon fraction that is precipitated from a tar by dilution with carbon disulfide or benzene.gas-house coal tar, ncoal tar produced in gas-house retorts in the manufacture of illuminating gas from bituminous coal.oil-gas tars, macadam, dry-b
38、ound and water bound, ntars produced by cracking oil vapors at high temperatures in themanufacture of oil gas. a pavement layer containing essentially one-size coarse aggregate choked in place with an applicationof screenings or sand; water is applied to the choke material for water-bound macadam. M
39、ultiple layers must be used.pitches, maintenance mix, nblack or dark-brown solid cementitious materials which gradually liquefy when heated and whichare obtained as residua in the partial evaporation or fractional distillation of tar. a mixture of bituminous material and mineralaggregate applied at
40、ambient temperature for use in patching holes, depressions, and distress areas in existing pavements usingappropriate hand or mechanical methods in placing and compacting the mix. These mixes may be designed for immediate useor for use out of a stockpile at a later time without further processing.re
41、fined tar, maltenes, ntar freed from water by evaporation or distillation which is continued until the residue is of desiredconsistency; or a product produced by fluxing tar residuum with tar distillate. a red-brown to black heavy oil materialremaining after precipitation of asphaltenes from asphalt
42、 binder with selected solvents.straight-run pitch, maximum size (of aggregate), na pitch run to the consistency desired in the initial process of distillation andwithout subsequent fluxing. in specifications for, or descriptions of aggregate, the smallest sieve opening through which theentire amount
43、 of aggregate is required to pass.tar, mesh, nbrown or black bituminous material, liquid or semisolid in consistency, in which the predominating constituents arebitumens obtained as condensates in the destructive distillation of coal, petroleum, oil-shale, wood, or other organic materials,and which
44、yields substantial quantities of pitch when distilled.Relating Specifically to Tests the square opening of a sieve.normal temperature, nas applied to laboratory observations of the physical characteristics of bituminous materials, 25C(77F).penetration, nthe consistency of a bituminous material expre
45、ssed as the distance in tenths of a millimetre (0.1 mm) that astandard needle penetrates vertically a sample of the material under specified conditions of loading, time, and temperature.BITUMEN-AGGREGATE MIXTURES Relating in General to Combinations of Bituminous Material and Aggregate thatare Mixed,
46、 Spread on the Job-site, and Compactedmaintenance mix, na mixture of bituminous material and mineral aggregate applied at ambient temperature for use in patchingholes, depressions, and distress areas in existing pavements using appropriate hand or mechanical methods in placing andcompacting the mix.
47、 These mixes may be designed for immediate use or for use out of a stockpile at a later time without furtherprocessing.mixed-in-place (road mix), na bituminous surface or base course produced by mixing mineral aggregate and cut-back asphalt,bituminous emulsion, or tar at the job-site by means of tra
48、vel plants, motor graders, drags, or special road-mixing equipment.Open or dense-graded aggregates, sand, and sandy soil may be used.plant mix, cold-laid, modified asphalt, na mixture of cut-back asphalt, bituminous emulsion, or tar and mineral aggregateprepared in a central bituminous mixing plant
49、and spread and compacted at the job-site when the mixture is at or near ambienttemperature. asphalt binder combined with one or more asphalt modifiers.plant mix, hot-laid bituminous emulsion mixtures, mulch treatment, na mixture of emulsion and heated mineral aggregateusually prepared in a conventional asphalt plant or drum mixer and spread and compacted at the job site at a temperature aboveambient. a spray application of bituminous material used to temporarily stabilize a recently seeded area
