1、Designation: D8 15Standard Terminology Relating toMaterials for Roads and Pavements1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in pare
2、ntheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Referenced Documents1.1 ASTM Standards:2D4124 Test Method for Separation of Asphalt into FourFractionsD4552 Practice for Classifying Hot-Mix Recycling AgentsD
3、5505 Practice for Classifying Emulsified RecyclingAgents2. Terminologyaggregate, na granular material of mineral composition suchas sand, gravel, shell, slag, or crushed stone, used with acementing medium to form mortars or concrete, or alone asin base courses, railroad ballasts, etc.air voids (Va),
4、 nthe volume of air between the asphalt-coated aggregate particles throughout a compacted asphaltmix, expressed as a percent of the total volume of thesample.anionic emulsion, na type of emulsion such that a particularemulsifying agent establishes a predominance of negativecharges on the discontinuo
5、us phase.asphalt, nA dark brown to black cement-like residuumobtained from the distillation of suitable crude oils.DISCUSSIONThe distillation processes may involve one or more ofthe following: atmospheric distillation, vacuum distillation, steamdistillation. Further processing of distillation residu
6、um may be neededto yield a material whose physical properties are suitable for commer-cial applications. These additional processes can involve air oxidation,solvent stripping or blending of residua of different stiffness character-istics. In Europe asphalt is called bitumen.asphalt binder, nasphalt
7、 which may or may not contain anasphalt modifier (see asphalt modifier).DISCUSSIONthis term is often used in the Performance GradedBinder system.asphalt cement, nSee asphaltasphalt concrete, nSee asphalt mix.asphalt mix (asphalt mixture), na mixture of asphaltbinder, emulsified asphalt, or cutback a
8、sphalt and aggre-gates. The mixture may also include other materials.asphalt pavement, na structure consisting of one or moreprepared layers of asphalt mix atop one or more supportinglayers of unbound, modified, or treated subgrade, subbase orbase materialsasphalt-rubber, na blend of asphalt cement,
9、 reclaimed tirerubber, and certain additives in which the rubber componentis at least 15 % by weight of the total blend and has reactedin the hot asphalt cement sufficiently to cause swelling of therubber particles.asphaltenes, ninsoluble materials that are precipitated byuse of selected solvents, s
10、uch as n-heptane.DISCUSSIONThe asphaltene fraction should be identified by thesolvent and solvent-asphalt ratio used.bank gravel, ngravel found in natural deposits, usually moreor less intermixed with fine material, such as sand or clay, orcombinations thereof; gravelly clay, gravelly sand, clayeygr
11、avel, and sandy gravel indicate the varying proportions ofthe materials in the mixture.bitumen, ndark brown to black cement-like residuum ob-tained from the distillation of suitable crude oils.DISCUSSIONThe distillation processes may involve one or more ofthe following: atmospheric distillation, vac
12、uum distillation, steamdistillation. Further processing of distillation residuum may be neededto yield a material whose physical properties are suitable for commer-cial applications. These additional processes can involve air oxidation,solvent stripping or blending of residua of different stiffness
13、character-istics. In North America bitumen is called asphalt.bituminous, adjcontaining or treated with bitumen (alsobituminized).DISCUSSIONExamples: bituminous concrete, bituminized felts andfabrics, bituminous pavement.bituminous emulsion, n(1) a suspension of minute globulesof bituminous material
14、in water or in an aqueous solution,(2) a suspension of minute globules of water or of anaqueous solution in a liquid bituminous material.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Roadand Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.91 onTerminology
15、.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2015. Published January 2016. Originallyapproved in 1912. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D8 13b. DOI:10.1520/D0008-15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Boo
16、k of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1blast-furnace slag, nthe nonmetallic product, consistingessentially of silicates an
17、d alumino-silicates of lime and ofother bases, that is developed simultaneously with iron in ablast furnace.cationic emulsion, na type of emulsion such that a particularemulsifying agent establishes a predominance of positivecharges on the discontinuous phase.clinker, ngenerally a fused or partly fu
18、sed by-product of thecombustion of coal, but also including lava and portland-cement clinker, and partly vitrified slag and brick.coal tar, na dark brown to black cementitious materialproduced by the destructive distillation of bituminous coal.coarse aggregate, n(1) aggregate predominantly retained
19、onthe 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve: or (2) that portion of anaggregate retained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve.DISCUSSIONThe definitions are alternatives to be applied underdiffering circumstances. Definition (1) is applied to an entire aggregateeither in a natural condition or after processing. Definition (
20、2) is appliedto a portion of an aggregate. Requirements for properties and gradingshould be stated in the specification.coke-oven tar, ncoal tar produced in by-product coke ovensin the manufacture of coke from bituminous coal.crack filler, nbituminous material used to fill and seal cracksin existing
21、 pavements.crusher-run, nthe total unscreened product of a stonecrusher.cutback asphalt, npetroleum residuum (asphalt) which hasbeen blended with petroleum distillates.DISCUSSIONSlow-curing materials may be made directly by distil-lation and are often referred to as road oils.dense-graded aggregate,
22、 nan aggregate that has a particlesize distribution such that when it is compacted, the resultingvoids between the aggregate particles, expressed as a per-centage of the total space occupied by the material, arerelatively small.dust binder, na light application of bituminous material forthe express
23、purpose of laying and bonding loose dust.fine aggregate, n(1) aggregate passing the38-in. (9.5-mm)sieve and almost entirely passing the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieveand predominantly retained on the 75-m (No. 200) sieve: or(2) that portion of an aggregate passing the 4.75-mm (No. 4)sieve and retained on the
24、 75-m (No. 200) sieve.DISCUSSIONThe definitions are alternatives to be applied underdiffering circumstances. Definition (1) is applied to an entire aggregateeither in a natural condition or after processing. Definition (2) is appliedto a portion of an aggregate. Requirements for properties and gradi
25、ngshould be stated in the specifications.fog seal, na light application of bituminous material to anexisting pavement as a seal to inhibit raveling, or to seal thesurface, or both. Medium and slow-setting bituminous emul-sions are usually used and may be diluted with water.fractured face, nan angula
26、r, rough, or broken surface of anaggregate particle created by crushing, by other artificialmeans, or by nature.“free-carbon” in tars, nthe hydrocarbon fraction that isprecipitated from a tar by dilution with carbon disulfide orbenzene.gas-house coal tar, ncoal tar produced in gas-house retortsin th
27、e manufacture of illuminating gas from bituminous coal.macadam, dry-bound and water bound, na pavementlayer containing essentially one-size coarse aggregatechoked in place with an application of screenings or sand;water is applied to the choke material for water-boundmacadam. Multiple layers must be
28、 used.maintenance mix, na mixture of bituminous material andmineral aggregate applied at ambient temperature for use inpatching holes, depressions, and distress areas in existingpavements using appropriate hand or mechanical methods inplacing and compacting the mix. These mixes may bedesigned for im
29、mediate use or for use out of a stockpile at alater time without further processing.maltenes, na red-brown to black heavy oil material remain-ing after precipitation of asphaltenes from asphalt binderwith selected solvents.maximum size (of aggregate), nin specifications for, ordescriptions of aggreg
30、ate, the smallest sieve opening throughwhich the entire amount of aggregate is required to pass.mesh, nthe square opening of a sieve.mixed-in-place (road mix), na bituminous surface or basecourse produced by mixing mineral aggregate and cut-backasphalt, bituminous emulsion, or tar at the job-site by
31、 meansof travel plants, motor graders, drags, or special road-mixingequipment. Open or dense-graded aggregates, sand, andsandy soil may be used.mulch treatment, na spray application of bituminous mate-rial used to temporarily stabilize a recently seeded area. Thebituminous material can be applied to
32、 the soil or to straw orhay mulch as a tie-down, also.native asphalt, nasphalt occurring as such in nature.nominal maximum size (of aggregate), nin specificationsfor, or descriptions of aggregate, the smallest sieve openingthrough which the entire amount of the aggregate is permit-ted to pass.DISCUS
33、SIONSpecifications on aggregates usually stipulate a sieveopening through which all of the aggregate may, but need not, pass sothat a stated maximum proportion of the aggregate may be retained onthat sieve. A sieve opening so designated is the nominal maximum size.normal temperature, nas applied to
34、laboratory observationsof the physical characteristics of bituminous materials, 25C(77F).oil-gas tars, ntars produced by cracking oil vapors at hightemperatures in the manufacture of oil gas.open-graded aggregate, nan aggregate that has a particlesize distribution such that when it is compacted, the
35、 voidsbetween the aggregate particles, expressed as a percentage ofthe total space occupied by the material, remain relativelylarge.D8152penetration, nthe consistency of a bituminous materialexpressed as the distance in tenths of a millimetre (0.1 mm)that a standard needle penetrates vertically a sa
36、mple of thematerial under specified conditions of loading, time, andtemperature.penetration macadam, na pavement layer containing essen-tially one-size coarse aggregate, penetrated in place by aheavy application of bituminous material, followed by anapplication of a smaller size coarse aggregate, an
37、d com-pacted. Multiple layers containing still smaller coarse aggre-gate may be used.pitches, nblack or dark-brown solid cementitious materialswhich gradually liquefy when heated and which are obtainedas residua in the partial evaporation or fractional distillationof tar.plant mix, cold-laid, na mix
38、ture of cut-back asphalt, bitu-minous emulsion, or tar and mineral aggregate prepared in acentral bituminous mixing plant and spread and compactedat the job-site when the mixture is at or near ambienttemperature.plant mix, hot-laid bituminous emulsion mixtures, namixture of emulsion and heated miner
39、al aggregate usuallyprepared in a conventional asphalt plant or drum mixer andspread and compacted at the job site at a temperature aboveambient.prime coat, nan application of a low-viscosity bituminousmaterial to an absorptive surface, designed to penetrate,bond, and stabilize this existing surface
40、 and to promoteadhesion between it and the construction course that follows.reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), nasphalt pavement orpaving mixture removed from its original location for use inrecycled asphalt paving mixture.recycled asphalt paving mixture, na mixture of reclaimedasphalt pavement with
41、the inclusion, if required, of asphaltcement, emulsified asphalt, cut-back asphalt, recyclingagent, mineral aggregate, and mineral filler.recycling agent (RA), na blend of hydrocarbons with orwithout minor amounts of other materials that is used to alteror improve the properties of the aged asphalt
42、in a recycledasphalt paving mixture.refined tar, ntar freed from water by evaporation or distil-lation which is continued until the residue is of desiredconsistency; or a product produced by fluxing tar residuumwith tar distillate.rock asphaltsee asphalt rock.rubble, nrough stones of irregular shape
43、s and sizes, brokenfrom larger masses either naturally or artificially, as bygeological action, in quarrying, or in stone cutting orblasting.saturates, nmaterial that, on percolation in a n-heptaneeluant, is not adsorbed under the specified test conditions.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D4124 and Practic
44、es D4552 andD5505.screen, nin laboratory work an apparatus, in which theapertures are circular, for separating sizes of material.screenings, na residual product resulting from the artificialcrushing of rock, boulders, cobble, gravel, blast-furnace slagor hydraulic cement concrete, all of which passe
45、d thesmallest screen used with the crushing operation and most ofwhich passed the 2.36-mm (No. 8) sieve.sieve, nin laboratory work an apparatus, in which theapertures are square, for separating sizes of material.slurry seal, nan application of a fluid mixture of bituminousemulsion, fine aggregate, m
46、ineral filler, and water to anexisting pavement. Single or multiple applications may beused.soil aggregate, nnatural or prepared mixtures consistingpredominantly of stone, gravel, or sand which contain asignificant amount of minus 75-m (No. 200) silt-claymaterial.steel slag, nthe nonmetallic product
47、 consisting essentially ofcalcium silicates and ferrites combined with fused oxides ofiron, aluminum, manganese, calcium and magnesium, that isdeveloped simultaneously with steel in basic oxygen,electric, or open hearth furnaces.Relating Specifically to Testsstone chips, nsmall angular fragments of
48、stone containing nodust.straight-run pitch, na pitch run to the consistency desired inthe initial process of distillation and without subsequentfluxing.surface treatment, nan application of bituminous materialfollowed by a layer of mineral aggregate. Multiple applica-tions of bituminous material and
49、 mineral aggregate may beused.tack coat (bond coat), nan application of bituminousmaterial to an existing relatively nonabsorptive surface toprovide a thorough bond between old and new surfacing.tar, nbrown or black bituminous material, liquid or semisolidin consistency, in which the predominating constituents arebitumens obtained as condensates in the destructive distilla-tion of coal, petroleum, oil-shale, wood, or other organicmaterials, and which yields substantial quantities of pitchwhen distille
