1、Designation: D2885 10Standard Test Method forDetermination of Octane Number of Spark-Ignition EngineFuels by On-Line Direct Comparison Technique1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2885; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in t
2、he case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 Thi
3、s test method covers the quantitative online determi-nation by direct comparison of the difference in knock rating ordelta octane number of a stream sample of spark-ignitionengine fuel from that of a comparison reference fuel.1.2 This test method covers the methodology for obtainingan octane number
4、using the measured delta octane number andthe octane number of the comparison reference fuel.1.3 The comparison reference fuel is required to be ofessentially the same composition as the stream sample to beanalyzed and can be a secondary fuel termed standard fuel ora tertiary fuel termed prototype f
5、uel.1.4 The test method utilizes a knock testing unit/automatedanalyzer system that incorporates computer control of a stan-dardized single-cylinder, four-stroke cycle, variable compres-sion ratio, carbureted, CFR engine with appropriate auxiliaryequipment using either Test Method D2699 Research met
6、hodor Test Method D2700 Motor method operating conditions.1.4.1 Knock measurements are based on operation of bothfuels at the specific fuel-air ratio that produces maximumknock intensity for that fuel.1.4.2 Measured differences in knock intensity are scaled toprovide a positive or negative delta oct
7、ane number of thestream sample from the comparison reference fuel when thefuels are compared at the same compression ratio.1.4.3 Measured differences in compression ratio are scaledto provide a positive or negative delta octane number of thestream sample from the comparison reference fuel when thefu
8、els are compared at the same knock intensity.1.5 This test method is limited to testing 78 to 102 octanenumber spark-ignition engine fuels using either research ormotor method conditions.1.6 The octane number difference between the streamsample and the applicable comparison reference fuel is self-li
9、miting by specifications imposed upon the standard andprototype fuels.1.7 Specifications for selection, preparation, storage, anddispensing of standard and prototype fuels are provided.Detailed procedures for determination of an appropriate as-signed octane number for both standard and prototype fue
10、ls arealso incorporated.1.8 The values of operating conditions are stated in SI unitsand are considered standard. The values in parentheses arehistorical inch-pound units. The standardized CFR enginemeasurements continue to be expressed in inch-pound unitsonly because of the extensive and expensive
11、tooling that hasbeen created for this equipment.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of reg
12、ulatory limitations prior to use. For more specificwarning statements, see Section 8 and Annex A1.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD2699 Test Method for Research Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine FuelD2700 Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spa
13、rk-Ignition Engine FuelD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, PetroleumProducts, and LubricantsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum Products1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee
14、D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.01 on Combustion Characteristics.Current edition approved Feb. 15, 2010. Published March 2010. Originallyapproved in 1970. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D288509. DOI:10.1520/D2885-10.2For referenc
15、ed ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyrig
16、ht ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D4814 Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition EngineFuelD6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assuranceand Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate AnalyticalMeasurement System Per
17、formanceD5842 Practice for Sampling and Handling of Fuels forVolatility MeasurementD6624 Practice for Determining a Flow-Proportioned Av-erage Property Value (FPAPV) for a Collected Batch ofProcess Stream Material Using Stream Analyzer DataD7453 Practice for Sampling of Petroleum Products forAnalysi
18、s by Process Stream Analyzers and for ProcessStream Analyzer System ValidationE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics2.2 Waukesha CFR Engine Manuals:CFR F-1 it is intended as a supplement to the systemqualification
19、checkout and can not be used to replace thesystem qualification checkout.14.2 Perform the quality control checks with the AMSoperating under standard conditions as specified in thismethod. Use equal time periods of operation for each of thefuels. The time period for operation on each fuel will be 4
20、minor longer.14.3 Sequence the AMS between the CRF and pairedquality control fuel until a minimum of two cycles has beencompleted. A complete cycle comprises one period of opera-tion on one fuel (CRF), followed by one period on the secondfuel (paired quality control fuel). Sequence the paired qualit
21、ycontrol fuels to the analyzer measurement system so that theDO.N. values are determined by subtracting the paired qualitycontrol fuel result from the CRF result.14.4 Determination of Average DO.N. and Range:14.4.1 Tabulate the DO.N. values including the properalgebraic sign.14.4.2 Calculate the ave
22、rage DO.N. with respect to alge-braic sign.14.4.3 Calculate the range of data using the followingformula:Range of Data 5 maximum DO.N. 2 minimum DO.N.14.5 Use appropriate control charts or other statisticallyequivalent technique to assess the average DO.N. and rangevalues relative to the established
23、 expected values for that pairof quality control fuels. If an out-of-statistical situation isdetected, examine the analytical measurement system opera-tion and the CRF quality for root cause(s). The appropriatecontrol charts are I/MR-2 for the average DO.N., and rangechart for range.14.6 Specifics f
24、or control chart set up and interpretation canbe found in Practice D6299.15. Precision and Bias15.1 Repeatability:15.1.1 O.N. for RON: 0.215.1.2 DO.N. for MON: 0.315.1.3 DiscussionThe above limits were estimated fromprogram 3R (see ASTM RR:D02-13305); and can be used asan approximate (and conservati
25、ve) repeatability limit as de-fined by ASTM (see Terminology E456), for the measuredDO.N.15.2 Reproducibility:15.2.1 In the intended on-line application of this testmethod, where multiple DO.N.s are averaged to arrive at aFPAPV (Flow-Proportioned Average Property Value) for theO.N. of a tender or ba
26、tch of product, the reproducibility limit,as defined by ASTM, for individual DO.N. results on the samefuel pair, is of little utility since the same tender will need to betested by another comparator system using exactly the sameproto fuel in order to make meaningful comparison of thedifference betw
27、een the two DO.N. values generated by the twodifferent systems/operators. A more useful metric is the repro-ducibility of the DO.N.-bar where the latter is calculated fromn individual DO.N. values generated from a system underrepeatability conditions.NOTE 2An interlaboratory exchange test program6is
28、 currently un-derway to estimate the reproducibility of DO.N.-bar values for n =5.15.2.2 Users are advised to consult theAppendix of this testmethod for a detailed description on how to estimate thevariability associated with the FPAPV for octane number of atender or batch of material obtained using
29、 this test method andPractice D6624.16. Keywords16.1 analytical measurement system; comparison referencefuel; delta octane number; stream sample fuel5Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1330.6Supporting data have
30、been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1457.D2885 109ANNEXES(Mandatory Information)A1. HAZARDS INFORMATIONA1.1 Introduction:A1.1.1 In the performance of this test method there arehazards to personnel. These are indicated in the text. The
31、classification of the hazard, Warning, is noted with theappropriate key words of definition. For more detailed infor-mation regarding the hazards, refer to the appropriate MaterialSafety Data Sheet (MSDS) for each of the applicable sub-stances to establish risks, proper handling, and safety precau-t
32、ions.A1.2 WarningCombustible. Vapor Harmful.A1.2.1 Applicable Substances:A1.2.1.1 Engine crankcase lubricating oil.A1.3 WarningFlammable. Vapors harmful if inhaled.Vapors may cause flash fire.A1.3.1 Applicable Substances:A1.3.1.1 Check fuel.A1.3.1.2 Oxygenate.A1.3.1.3 Prototype fuel.A1.3.1.4 Stream
33、Sample fuel.A1.3.1.5 Standard fuel.A1.4 WarningPoison. May be fatal if inhaled or swal-lowed.A1.4.1 Applicable Substances:A1.4.1.1 Antifreeze mixture.A1.4.1.2 Glycol Based Antifreeze.A1.4.1.3 Halogenated refrigerants.A1.4.1.4 Halogenated solvents.A1.4.1.5 Dilute organometallic lead or manganese.A2.
34、STANDARD AND PROTOTYPE FUEL STORAGE AND HANDLINGA2.1 Select a standard fuel to meet all the requirements in8.3. Handle it with extreme care to avoid the contamination orloss of components from the time of initial bulk collection untilits final use.A2.1.1 Condition the standard fuel to meet the requi
35、rementsof the AMS for entrained water and particulate matter.A2.1.2 Bulk Storage Vessel:A2.1.2.1 Ensure that the volume of the vessel is sufficient tobe split into working containers to allow enough for shippingto establishing octane number ARV and for use with theengines for a realistic period of t
36、ime. The vessel shall store thefuel with no vapor loss or exposure of the fuel to light.A2.1.2.2 Clean, dry, and free the vessel of all hydrocarbonsoluble contaminants.A2.1.2.3 Ensure that mixing facilities are part of the vesselor that the vessel tumbles to ensure a homogeneous sample.Mixing time w
37、ill depend on vessel volume and design.A2.1.2.4 Ensure that the vessel has provisions for samplingand dispensing into working containers.A2.1.2.5 Fill the bulk storage vessel from the bottom at aflow rate that does not cause the fuel to “bubble” and flash.A2.1.2.6 Fill the vessel to 90 % of maximum
38、volume toavoid excess vapor volume.A2.1.2.7 Split the available volume into working containersat one time if there is to be an increase in the vapor space of thevessel.A2.1.3 Working Containers:A2.1.3.1 Ensure that the volume of the working container issufficient for use to certify a prototype fuel
39、on the analyzersystem and takes into account flush volume fuel consumedduring the warm-up and setup of the analyzer system, andrunning of multiple sample cycles.The container shall store thefuel with no vapor loss or exposure of the fuel to light.A2.1.3.2 Clean, dry, and free the container of all hy
40、drocar-bon soluble contaminants.NOTE A2.1If the cans have soldered seams, small amounts of fluxmay contaminate the sample and will reduce its storage stability. Rinse allcans with a quantity of standard fuel prior to filling if there is any doubtabout the manner of can fabrication.A2.1.3.3 Fuel Disp
41、ensingDo not allow the method usedto transfer the fuel from the bulk receiver to the workingcontainer to affect the quality of the fuel in any way.(1) Chill standard fuel and working containers to below10C (50F) before they are filled.(2) Flush the fuel dispensing system with sufficient volumeto ens
42、ure the standard fuel will not be contaminated from anyresidual fuel in the system.(3) Fill the working container from the bottom at a flowrate that does not cause the fuel to “bubble” and flash. A filltube that reaches to the bottom of the can is the most desirablehardware configuration.(4) Fill th
43、e container to 90 % of maximum volume to avoidexcess vapor volume.(5) Fill the working containers without interruption. Capeach one as soon as it has been filled, and number them insequence.(6) Do not can the last 8 to 12 L (2 to 3 gal) of standardfuel.A2.1.3.4 Check working containers for leaks. Do
44、 not usecontents of leaking cans as standard fuel.A2.1.3.5 Label the cans for inventory management in ac-cordance with site standards.D2885 1010A2.1.3.6 Randomly select working containers that are to beused for establishing octane number ARV from the fullpopulation.A2.1.3.7 Ship containers that will
45、 be used for establishingoctane number ARV in a manner that meets all applicableregulations and safety codes.A2.1.4 Storage of Standard FuelTo maintain the knockcharacteristics of the standard fuel, store bulk receivers andworking containers in a cool area not exceeding 25C (77F).Before opening, coo
46、l working containers to below 10C(50F).A2.2 Prototype FuelSelect a prototype to meet all therequirements in 8.4. Handle it with extreme care to avoid thecontamination or loss of components from the time of initialcollection until its final use.A2.2.1 Do not allow the prototype system to affect thequ
47、ality of the prototype fuel. Avoid loss of light ends. Avoidwater solubility of octane enhancers in water displacementsystems. Avoid high nitrogen blanket pressures that causeoff-gassing when proto is exposed to ambient pressure.A2.2.2 Prototype Tank VolumeWhen selecting prototypetank volume, take i
48、nto account the number of on-line analyz-ers, the amount of hours per day the analyzers will be run, fuelconsumption of the analyzer system, and the length of time aprototype fuel is required to last. It is common practice todiscard the final 10 to 20 % of any prototype tank to guardagainst possible
49、 fuel degradation and change in octane quality.A2.2.3 Prototype tank construction shall meet all construc-tion and fire codes that apply to their location. Examples ofprototype tank systems are illustrated in Figs. A2.1 and A2.2.A2.2.4 Location of Prototype TanksIt is not necessary tocool prototype tanks, although it is beneficial to keep them ascool as possible. Cooling coils immersed in the prototype fuelcarrying chilled water can regulate fuel temperature. Prototypetanks are normally located outside, and guarding the tanksfrom exposure to direct sunlight will p
